No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; Vaginosis, Bacterial*

One case of Tachycardia-Bradycardia Syndrome was reported with brief review. A 42 year old woman was admitted to Seoul national University Hospital because of palpitation and dizziness. She had had the intermittent episodes of such attacks for 4 years. The electrocardiogram checked 3 days prior to admission showed atrial fibrillation but the electrocardiogram at admission revealed irregular bradycardia with wandering pacemaker. The patient had complained palpitation and dizziness throughout the hospital days, but only one attack of Adams-Stokes Syndrome was developed. She was improved symptomatically by isoproterenol infusion during the hospital course.
Adams-Stokes Syndrome ; Adult ; Atrial Fibrillation ; Bradycardia ; Dizziness ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Isoproterenol ; Seoul

PURPOSE: To evaluate the risk of vertebral compression fracture (VCF) after conventional radiotherapy (RT) for colorectal cancer (CRC) with spine metastasis and to identify risk factors for VCF in metastatic and non-metastatic irradiated spines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 68 spinal segments in 16 patients who received conventional RT between 2009 and 2012. Fracture was defined as a newly developed VCF or progression of an existing fracture. The target volume included all metastatic spinal segments and one additional non-metastatic vertebra adjacent to the tumor-involved spines. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 7.8 months. Among all 68 spinal segments, there were six fracture events (8.8%) including three new VCFs and three fracture progressions. Observed VCF rates in vertebral segments with prior irradiation or pre-existing compression fracture were 30.0% and 75.0% respectively, compared with 5.2% and 4.7% for segments without prior irradiation or pre-existing compression fracture, respectively (both p < 0.05). The 1-year fracture-free probability was 87.8% (95% CI, 78.2-97.4). On multivariate analysis, prior irradiation (HR, 7.30; 95% CI, 1.31-40.86) and pre-existing compression fracture (HR, 18.45; 95% CI, 3.42-99.52) were independent risk factors for VCF. CONCLUSION: The incidence of VCF following conventional RT to the spine is not particularly high, regardless of metastatic tumor involvement. Spines that received irradiation and/or have pre-existing compression fracture before RT have an increased risk of VCF and require close observation.
Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Compression* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Radiotherapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Spinal Fractures ; Spinal Neoplasms ; Spine*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of three-dimensional(3D) short-range MR angiography(MRA) andmultiplanar reconstruction(MPR) imaging in hemifacial spasm(HS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundreds patientswith HS were studied using a 1.5T MRI system with a 3D time-of-flight(TOF) MRA sequence. To reconstructshort-range MRA, 6-10 source images near the 7-8th cranial nerve complex were processed using a maximum-intensityprojection technique. In addition, an MPR technique was used to investigate neurovascular compression. We observedthe relationship between the root-exit zone(REZ) of the 7th cranial nerve and compressive vessel, and identifiedthe compressive vessels on symptomatic sides. To investigate neurovascular contact, asymptomatic contralateralsides were also evaluated. RESULTS: MRI showed that in 197 of 200 patients there was vascular compression orcontact with the facial nerve REZ on symptomatic sides. One of the three remaining patients was suffering fromacoustic neurinoma on the symptomatic side, while in two patients there were no definite abnormal findings. Compressive vessels were demonstrated in all 197 patients; 80 cases involved the anterior inferior cerebellarartery(AICA), 74 the posterior cerebellar artery(PICA), 13 the vertebral artery(VA), 16 the VA and AICA, eight theVA and PICA, and six the AICA and PICA. In all 197 patients, compressive vessels were reconstructed on one 3Dshort-range MRA image without discontinuation from vertebral or basilar arteries. 3D MPR studies providedadditional information such as the direction of compression and course of the compressive vessel. In 31 patientsthere was neurovascular contact on the contralateral side at the 7-8th cranial nerve complex. CONCLUSION: Inpatients with HS, 3D short-range MRA and MPR images are excellent and very helpful for the investigation ofneurovascular compression and the identification of compressive vessels.
Angiography* ; Basilar Artery ; Cranial Nerves ; Facial Nerve ; Hemifacial Spasm* ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurilemmoma ; Pica

Cyclosporin A-induced central neurotoxicity has been rarely reported in patients with nephrotic syndrome. We report a pediatric patient who developed acute leukoencephalopathy diagnosed by MRI during CsA therapy for nephrotic syndrome.
Cyclosporine* ; Humans ; Leukoencephalopathies* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Nephrotic Syndrome*

Arachnoid cysts are usually classified as developmental anomaly, inflammatory and traumatic in origin. Arachnoid cyst in posterior fossa occur frequently in the midline posterior to the cerebellum. These cyst usually present symptoms and signs due to increased intracranial pressure and may be confused with cerebellar or fourth ventricular tumor. Recently we had experienced a case of multiple retrocerebellar arachnoid cysts coexisted with pathologically confirmed desmoplastic medulloblastoma in eight months lod infant and reviewed the literatures.
Arachnoid Cysts* ; Arachnoid* ; Cerebellum ; Humans ; Infant ; Intracranial Pressure ; Medulloblastoma*

PURPOSE: To examine the danger zone of mesial root of mandibular first molar of patient without extraction using CBCT(cone -beam computed tomography) to avoid the risk of root perforation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 mandibular first molars without caries and restorations were collected. CT images were obtained by CBCT(PSR9000N TM, Asahi Roentgen Co., Japan), reformed and analyzed by V-work 5.0 (CyberMed Inc., Korea). Distance between canal orifice and furcation was measured. In cross sectional images at 3, 4 and 5 mm below the canal orifice, distal wall thickness of mesiobuccal canal (MB-D), distal wall thickness of mesiolingual canal (ML-D), distal wall thickness of central part (C-D), mesial wall thickness of mesiobuccal canal (MB-M) and mesial wall thickness of mesiolingual canal (ML-M) were measured. RESULTS: The mean distance between the canal orifice and the furcation of the roots is 2.40 mm. Distal wall is found to be thinner than mesial wall. Mean dentinal wall thickness of distal wall is about 1 mm. The wall thickness is thinner as the distance from the canal orifice is farther. But significant differences are not noted between 4 mm and 5 mm in MB-D and C-D. MB-D is thinner than ML-D although the differences is not significant. CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the anatomical weakness of distal surface of the coronal part of the mesial roots of mandibular first molar by CBCT and provided an anatomical guide line of wall thickness during endodontic treatment.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography* ; Dentin ; Humans ; Molar*

PURPOSE: To examine the danger zone of mesial root of mandibular first molar of patient without extraction using CBCT(cone -beam computed tomography) to avoid the risk of root perforation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 mandibular first molars without caries and restorations were collected. CT images were obtained by CBCT(PSR9000N TM, Asahi Roentgen Co., Japan), reformed and analyzed by V-work 5.0 (CyberMed Inc., Korea). Distance between canal orifice and furcation was measured. In cross sectional images at 3, 4 and 5 mm below the canal orifice, distal wall thickness of mesiobuccal canal (MB-D), distal wall thickness of mesiolingual canal (ML-D), distal wall thickness of central part (C-D), mesial wall thickness of mesiobuccal canal (MB-M) and mesial wall thickness of mesiolingual canal (ML-M) were measured. RESULTS: The mean distance between the canal orifice and the furcation of the roots is 2.40 mm. Distal wall is found to be thinner than mesial wall. Mean dentinal wall thickness of distal wall is about 1 mm. The wall thickness is thinner as the distance from the canal orifice is farther. But significant differences are not noted between 4 mm and 5 mm in MB-D and C-D. MB-D is thinner than ML-D although the differences is not significant. CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the anatomical weakness of distal surface of the coronal part of the mesial roots of mandibular first molar by CBCT and provided an anatomical guide line of wall thickness during endodontic treatment.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography* ; Dentin ; Humans ; Molar*

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to analyze the current problems in completing death certificates and to identify the correct method for completing death certificates. METHODS: We reviewed 262 death certificates in three hospitals from March 1 to April 30, 2000, and 119 death certificates in one hospital from March 1 to 31, 2000. We identified major and minor errors and analyzed and compared them retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 381 death certificates were reviewed: 59 in Seoul National University Hospital, 101 in Ewha Woman's University Hospital, and 102 in Gachon Medical College Hospital, which has no education program for completing death certificates in postgraduate training, and 119 in Samsung Medical Center which has an education program for completing death certificates. 358 certificates(94.0%) had at least one error. There were only 23 death certificates(6.0%) without an error. In 182 cases(47.8%), there was one major error. In 321 death certificates(84.3%), there were more than two errors. A comparison of Samsung Medical Center with the other hospitals showed that the number of total errors was statistically different(p=0.001). CONCLUSION: There were few death certificates without an error in this study. In a hospital which has postgraduate training in completing death certificates, there are fewer errors than in other hospitals which have no training course. Emergency physicians actually certify many deaths, so they must know the correct method of completing death certificates for statistics on morbidity and mortality.
Death Certificates* ; Education ; Emergencies ; Mortality ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul

There has been a significant decline of infectious disease in childhood due to an improvement of economy, living standard and medicine. But accidents in childhood is rather increased and encountered in major cause of death. The child is not so fully developed mentally and physically, that he is vulnerable to accident. Most accidents have been rocognized as being preventable with a few attention of parents or neighours. Therefore, parental health education should be emphasized as one of the important preventive measures against accidents. The authors reviewed the records on 1,648 accidental pediatric patients in the emergency room of CNUH during 6 years period from Jan. 1976. To Dec. 1981. The results were as follow: 1. The frequency of pediatric accidental patient in emergency room was gradually increased year by year and the monthly distribytion revealed a slightly higher in summer season from May to August. 2. According to the patient's residency, the urban to rural ratio was 1.6:1 and the male to female ratio was 1.9:1. 3. The most common physical accident was traffic accident(25.3%), the second being fall down accident(17.3%), then in decreasing order foreign body aspiration or inoculation(14.8%), burn(13.6%), laceration(12.6%), and bite(5.1%), The most common injury site of body by physical accident was head(56.5%) and next in decreasing order trunk & abdomen(18.1%), left leg(15.3%), right leg(13.9%), left arm(12.4%) and right arm(10.5%). 4. The frequency of chemical accident in decreasing order as follow ; CO poisoning(31.5%), rodenticidal drug poisoning(11.7%), insecticidal drug poisoning(9.1%), organic phosphorus poisoning(9.1%) and DDS poisoning(4.2%). 5. Majority of cases were carried to emergency room within 6 hours after accident. 6. The prevalent age for physical accident were between 3-6 years(28.6%) and 6-12 years(28.7%). 7. The prevalent age for chemical accident were between 1-3 years(30.5%). Comparing period of 1979-1981 with period of 1976-1978, the results were concluded as follow ; 1.Frequency of accidents was remarkably increased with predominant male and urban children. 2. Frequency of traffic accident, bite, head trauma, rodenticidal, insecticidal and organic phosphorus poisoning were decreased while those of fall down, foreign body aspiration, burn, laceration, and CO poisoning rather increased. 3. Patients were carried to hospital more rapidly in cases of physical accidents. 4. Age prevalent for physical accidents was to by younger while for chemical accidents being older. 5. Physical accidents were markedly increased, while chemical accidents being minimally changed.
Accidents, Traffic ; Burns ; Cause of Death ; Chemical Hazard Release ; Child* ; Communicable Diseases ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; Health Education ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Lacerations ; Male ; Parents ; Phosphorus ; Poisoning ; Seasons ; Socioeconomic Factors