Protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium are small coccidian parasite known to infect the mucosal epithelium of a variety of animals including human, causing fatal course in immunodeficient patients as well as self-limited illness in healthy individuals. Various life cycle stages including trophozoite, meront, merozoite, gametocyte and oocyst in infected mucosa are a diagnostic feature. Electron microscopy (EM) provides sufficient findings for genus and species identification of this parasitic organism. The authors presented scanning and transmission EM findings of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in two children: one with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the other without any evidence of immune compromise.
Animals ; Child ; Cryptosporidium parvum ; Cryptosporidium* ; Epithelium ; Humans* ; Intestines* ; Life Cycle Stages ; Merozoites ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mucous Membrane ; Oocysts ; Parasites ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Trophozoites

OBJECTIVE: It is known that mouse embryos before implantation develop in a low oxygen environment of 3- 8% concentration and with antioxidant materials such as vitamins, antioxidant enzymes, ferrous binding proteins, and albumin in follicular and tubal fluids. However, the 20% oxygen culture condition with chemically defined media might be produce an abundance of ROS, and leads to developmental delay or developmental block in vitro. In this study, we attempt to elucidate the relationship between intracellular H2O2 production and embryo development in different oxygen culture conditions of mouse embryos. METHODS: Prenuclear embryos from C57BL/CBA Fl hybrid and ICR mouse were cultured in incubators which provided 5% carbon dioxide, 20% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide, 5% oxygen. Measurement of H2O2 level in a embryo was performed with DCHFDA(2, 7 -dichlorodihydroflourescein diacetate)and analyzed with Quanti-cell 700, and the number of blastomeres was counted with DAPI( 4, 6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole). RESULTS: Oxygen concentration of the culture medias was significantly higher in the 20% oxygen environment compared to that of 5% oxygen environment. Culture of mice embryos in high oxygen condition leads to high HO concentrations at 2 cell stage and developmental delay or ""2-cell block"" regardless of the strain. But in a 5% oxygen environment, which is similar to in-vivo conditions HO production was suppressed continuously through out culture and development of embryos was definitely improved. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there is a difference in the production of ROS or protective mechanism according to the mouse strains and stage of development, and it is thought that in-vitro culture in 5% oxygen environment provides stable in vivo equilibrium but in a 20% oxygen environment there is production of ROS which overcome the protective mechanism which leads to cellular damage and embryo developmental delay.
Animals ; Blastomeres ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carrier Proteins ; Culture Media ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Incubators ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Oxygen* ; Pregnancy ; Vitamins

Multicore myopathy is a rare congenital myopathy. The multicores consist of numerous small areas of decreased oxidative enzyme activity. The long axis of the lesion is perpendicular or parallel to the long axis of the muscle fiber. These cores are usually smaller than central cores. For this reason they are also called minicores. Although the multicores represent a nonspecific change in that they can be observed in malignant hyperthermia, muscular dystrophy, inflammatory myopathy, etc. Muscular weakness dating from early infancy is combined large proportion of the muscle fibers. In about half of the reported cases the muscular weakness has not been progressive, while in the others a slow progression has occurred. This 9-year-old boy presented with congenital nonprogressive myopathy associated with thoracic scoliosis and bilateral equinovarus deformity. The serum creatine phosphokinase and lactic dehydrogenase levels were normal. Electromyography showed "myopathic" features. The biopsy revealed a marked size variation in myofibers, ranging from 10 microns to 100 microns. A few small angular fibers and slight endomyseal fibrosis were also noted. There was type I fiber predominance. NADH-TR reaction disclosed more well-defined cores with loss of intermyofibrillary mitochondrial activity. These cores were usually located with loss of intermyofibrillary mitochondrial activity. These cores were usually located in the peripheral portions of the myofibers and the core size measured 10-30 microns in diameter. Electron microscopic examination revealed circumscribed areas of disintegrated Z band material and disorganized sarcomeric units near the sarcolemma. A decrease in the number of mitochondria and glycogen particles was noted.
Biopsy ; Child ; Histocytochemistry ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Muscles/pathology/ultrastructure ; Muscular Diseases/*pathology

Intracranial nerve sheath tumors unrelated to the cranial nerve roots are extremely rare, and the origin of the tumors are debatable. We report a case of pathologically-proven neurofibroma inside the lateral ventricle. A 49-year-old man presented with headache of 6 months duration, urinary incontinence, visual disturbance and right hemiplegia. Brain CT scan showed a well defined isodense mass with homogenous contrast enhancement and marginal calcification. At surgery the tumor was found to be a 4cm-sized lobulated mass attached only to the choroid plexus. Histologically, the tumor masses consisted of fasciculating bundles of wavy spindle cells, with a considerable collagen laydown.
Brain ; Choroid Plexus ; Collagen ; Cranial Nerves ; Headache ; Hemiplegia ; Humans ; Lateral Ventricles ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms ; Neurofibroma* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Urinary Incontinence

No abstract available.
Animals ; Ethanol* ; Metabolism* ; Phenobarbital* ; Rats* ; Trichloroethylene*

Squamous cell carcinoma of the ovary is very rare malignant tumor originating from the malignant transfomation of mature cystic teratoma, usually being reported in about 1-3% of cases. Of malignant transformation, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type and its prognosis is poor. Because of its rarity, the clinicopathologic characteristics are not well established. We have experienced a case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in mature cystic teratoma of ovary and present it with brief review of the literature.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Female ; Ovary* ; Prognosis ; Teratoma*

Eighteen cases of osteonecrosis of the femoral head associated with macromolecular polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) deposition were analysed on the basis of clinical, radiologic and pathologic features. The cases were observed during 8 years period from January, 1974 to December, 1981. The pathogenesis of the osteonecrosis of the femoral head due to PVP storage in reticuloendothelial system were discussed in detail. Parenteral administration of high-molecular PVP in repeated, long duration led to osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Storage of PVP in the histiocytes of the bone marrow resulted in osteonecrosis of the femoral head followed by microciculation disturbance. PVP-induced osteonecrosis were manifested as multiple foci of necrosis involving not only the femoral head, other long bones around joints, but also the visceral reticuloendo-thelial system characterized by infiltrates of histiocytes laden with PVP. The patients with PVP induced osteonecrosis complianed multiple joint pain in their early course of the disease. On roentgenogram, osteonecrosis were often noted in the hip, shoulder, knee, and ankle in order or frequency. Foamy histiocytes laden with PVP were characteristic on hematoxylin-eosin stain diagnostic on Weigert's elastica, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, and Congo red stains. As far as rationale of the treatment concerning a number of staging systems for Osteonecrosis, the choice of surgical procedures were similar to those given by W.F. Enneking et al. In the series, we have performed two hips in total surface replacement, 26 hips in total hip replacement mostly for 3rd generation-configuration of Charnley prosthesis. In addition, one case for free vascularized fibula graft and trans-trochanteric rotational osteotomy after Sugioka were also included for this study. The result of treatment was rather optimistic. However, complications have occured in 4 hips of 3 patients which required removal of whole prosthetic components. Therefore, we underwent revisional surgery in three out of four hips subsequently during the short post-poerative follow-up. These will be published in the future.
Ankle ; Arthralgia ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Bone Marrow ; Coloring Agents ; Congo Red ; Fibula ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head ; Hematoxylin ; Hip ; Histiocytes ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Mononuclear Phagocyte System ; Necrosis ; Osteonecrosis ; Osteotomy ; Phosphotungstic Acid ; Povidone ; Prostheses and Implants ; Rubber ; Shoulder ; Transplants

No abstract available.
Biopsy* ; Hematuria*

Hypobaric spinal anesthesia for fifty patients(spinal group) undergoing total hip replacement were compared with general anesthesia(general group) in respect to intraoperative blood loss, changes of blood pressures, postoperative analgesics, etc. Furthermore, the technical aspects were evaluated for hypobaric spinal anesthesia in the lateral position when 1% tetracaine in distilled water (epinephrine 1: 200,000) was administered. The lowest blood pressure parameters were significantly lower in the spinal group(29%) than in the general group(22%). The amount of blood loss in the spinal group was less than that in the general group even though there was no difference in blood replacement between groups. The time period before analgesic use longer in the spinal group(4.1 hours)than the general group(2.7 hours). The most common complication in either group was urinary retention(50% in the spinal and 44% in the general) in which urinary catheterization was necessary. In the general group, thirty-six per cent of the patients had mild fever in the first or second postoperative day which were not consistently related to pulmonary complications. For spinal anesthesia, 5 or 6 mg of 1%-tetracaine in distilled water mixed to 1: 200,000 epinephrine was used. The spinal puncture was performed by a 22G needle on the L2-3 or L3-4 in- tervertebral space with lateral aproach in the position of the operation. Injection speed was controlled to 1 ml/sec in all patients. Sensory levels were reached to T7-8 and T9-10 in the non-dependent and dependent side, respectively. Motor funetion on knee and ankle was lost in the non-dependent side, but not in the dependent side. There were some intraoperative complaintments including positional discomfort on hip rest and shoulder bar. However, there was no remarkable problem in hypobaric spinal anesthesia intraoperatively. The results of our study indicate that hypobaric spinal anesthesia in lateral decubitus position is a recommendable anesthetic technique for total hip replacement surgery.
Analgesics ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Ankle ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip* ; Blood Pressure ; Epinephrine ; Fever ; Hip ; Humans ; Knee ; Needles ; Shoulder ; Spinal Puncture ; Tetracaine ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Catheters ; Water

We experienced two cases of the intramural pregnancy, the rarest form of ectopic pregnancy and a life-threatening condition, that were successfully managed through different techniques of uterus-preserving laparoscopic surgery, thus we present these cases with a review of the literature.
Female ; Laparoscopy* ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnancy, Ectopic