By November 2013, a total of 125 clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been developed in Korea. However, despite the high burden of diseases and the clinical importance of CPGs, most chronic diseases do not have available CPGs. Merely 83 CPGs are related to chronic diseases, and only 40 guidelines had been developed in the last 5 yr. Considering the rate of the production of new evidence in medicine and the worsening burden from chronic diseases, the need for developing CPGs for more chronic diseases is becoming increasingly pressing. Since 2011, the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have been jointly developing CPGs for chronic diseases. However, priorities have to be set and resources need to be allocated within the constraint of a limited funding. This study identifies the chronic diseases that should be prioritized for the development of CPGs in Korea. Through an objective assessment by using the analytic hierarchy process and a subjective assessment with a survey of expert opinion, high priorities were placed on ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, osteoarthritis, neck pain, chronic kidney disease, and cirrhosis of the liver.
Chronic Disease ; *Disease Management ; Expert Testimony ; Female ; Health Priorities ; Humans ; Male ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Primary Health Care ; Republic of Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are one of the most effective ways to translate evidence of medical improvement into everyday practice. This study evaluated the dissemination and implementation of the Sexually Transmitted Infections-Korean Guidelines (STIKG) by applying the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. A survey questionnaire was administered to clinicians via the internet. Among the 332 respondents, 190 (57.2%) stated that they were aware of STIKG and 107 (33.2%) implemented STIKG in their practice. The odds that a physician was exposed to STIKG (dissemination) were 2.61 times greater among physicians with previous training or education for any CPG than those who did not. Clinicians who indicated that STIKG were easy to understand were 4.88 times more likely to implement STIKG in their practice than those who found them not so easy. When a clinician's workplace had a supporting system for CPG use, the odds of implementation was 3.76 times higher. Perceived level of effectiveness of STIKG did not significantly influence their implementation. The findings of this study suggest that, ultimately, knowing how to engage clinicians in CPG implementation is as important as how to disseminate such guidelines; moreover, easy-to-use guidelines and institutional support are key factors.
Adult ; Female ; Guideline Adherence/*statistics & numerical data ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; *Health Plan Implementation ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Physicians ; Practice Patterns, Physicians' ; Public Health Surveillance ; Quality of Health Care ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/*therapy ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study introduces the Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) appraisal system by the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences (KAMS). Quality management policies for CPGs vary among different countries, which have their own cultures and health care systems. However, supporting developers in guideline development and appraisals using standardized tools are common practices. KAMS, an organization representing the various medical societies of Korea, has been striving to establish a quality management system for CPGs, and has established a CPGs quality management system that reflects the characteristics of the Korean healthcare environment and the needs of its users. KAMS created a foundation for the development of CPGs, set up an independent appraisal organization, enacted regulations related to the appraisals, and trained appraisers. These efforts could enhance the ability of each individual medical society to develop CPGs, to increase the quality of the CPGs, and to ultimately improve the quality of the information available to decision-makers.
Guideline Adherence/*standards ; *Models, Organizational ; Practice Guidelines as Topic/*standards ; Quality Assurance, Health Care/*standards ; Republic of Korea

Primary care lays the foundation of national healthcare systems, but it has been weak in playing its role correctly because of legal and environmental attributes surrounding the healthcare industry in Korea. This study is conducted to concretize the definition and scope of primary care and to deduce its standard functions to contribute to establishing the healthcare delivery system and appropriate healthcare systems embracing socio-environmental leverage. The term primary healthcare institution was adopted based on literature review to achieve the research goal. The principle diseases appropriate for the primary healthcare institution based on ambulatory care sensitive conditions were analyzed, and the standard functions were deduced by matching these diseases with current procedural terminologies using CrossCoder package. Based on the analysis, the primary healthcare institution-specific diseases were 53 specific diseases under 23 broad disease groups. The standard functions were deduced in three categories of the standard functions of the entire primary healthcare institutions with 100% frequency, common standard functions with 70% frequency, and peculiar standard functions specific to diseases or body systems. These functions included outpatient evaluation and measurement, various factor tests through blood collection, and X-ray. Establishing the standard functions for the primary healthcare institution can promote patient reliability on primary care, alleviate health demand congestion toward large-sized advanced healthcare institutions. Furthermore, it contributes to establishing and reinforcing other healthcare policies related to the healthcare reimbursement system and referral system, and fosters primary care physician education. Most importantly, it reduces the national health expenditures by realizing efficient and effective healthcare delivery.
Ambulatory Care ; Delivery of Health Care ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Health Care Sector ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Korea ; Outpatients ; Physicians, Primary Care ; Primary Health Care ; Referral and Consultation

It is well known that developmental delay or arrest occurs before implantation inmammals, which have undergone in vitro culture. Recently, these phenomenon are being attributedto oxygen free radicals, and successful cell culture are being obtained by lowering theoxygen environment of in vitro culture. This is due to the fact that the oxygen concentrationin the fallopian tube is around 5%, which is lower than the room air 20% concentrationfor in vitro culture.Rutin, which is a free radical scavenger, was added to early embryo mice culture andcompared the free radical level at blastocyst stage with that of different culture conditions,and found that free radical level was markedly decreased. Also, there was increased embryodevelopment with decreasing free radical levels in the experimental group, and there wassignificant increase in the blastulation rate and blastomere count.This study therefore suggests the possibility of improved in in-vitro embryo culture.
Animals ; Blastocyst* ; Blastomeres ; Cell Count* ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Embryonic Structures* ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Free Radicals ; Mice* ; Oxygen ; Rutin*

It is well known that developmental delay or arrest occurs before implantation inmammals, which have undergone in vitro culture. Recently, these phenomenon are being attributedto oxygen free radicals, and successful cell culture are being obtained by lowering theoxygen environment of in vitro culture. This is due to the fact that the oxygen concentrationin the fallopian tube is around 5%, which is lower than the room air 20% concentrationfor in vitro culture.Rutin, which is a free radical scavenger, was added to early embryo mice culture andcompared the free radical level at blastocyst stage with that of different culture conditions,and found that free radical level was markedly decreased. Also, there was increased embryodevelopment with decreasing free radical levels in the experimental group, and there wassignificant increase in the blastulation rate and blastomere count.This study therefore suggests the possibility of improved in in-vitro embryo culture.
Animals ; Blastocyst* ; Blastomeres ; Cell Count* ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Embryonic Structures* ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Free Radicals ; Mice* ; Oxygen ; Rutin*

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a potential cause of hyponatremia of the central nervous system (CNS). Although SIADH has been reported to be associated with many other central nervous disorders, its association with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or NMO spectrum disorders are rare. NMO is a demyelinating disorder characterized by optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which is the target antigen for a NMO autoantibody, is the predominant CNS water channel. However, some NMO patients show seronegative AQP4 antibody results. The spectrum of NMO has been changed, and new findings about the disease have been reported. Here, we report a case of seronegative NMO spectrum disorder associated with SIADH.
Central Nervous System ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Humans ; Hyponatremia ; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome ; Myelitis, Transverse ; Neuromyelitis Optica* ; Optic Neuritis ; Water

A 24-year-old male visited our hospital because of pain in both flanks. His biochemistry profile showed an elevated serum creatinine level and low serum uric acid level. History taking revealed that he had undertaken exercise prior to the acute kidney injury (AKI) event, and he stated that family members had a history of urolithiasis. His renal profile improved after hydration and supportive care during hospitalization. Although the patient was subsequently admitted again due to AKI, his status recovered with similar treatment. Since the diagnosis of the patient was familial renal hypouricemia with exercise-induced AKI, we performed genotyping of SLC22A12, which encodes human urate transporter 1. The diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of a homozygous mutation of W258X. We herein, report a case of familial renal hypouricemia confirmed by genotyping of SLC22A12, and review the relevant literature.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Biochemistry ; Creatinine ; Diagnosis ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Male ; Uric Acid ; Urolithiasis ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To compare the obstetrical and perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies after IVF-ET with those of twin pregnancies conceived spontaneously. METHODS: Two hundred and six cases of IVF-ET twin pregnancies (IVF group) were compared with 229 spontaneously conceived or ovulation induced twin pregnancies (spontaneously conceived group) for obstetrical and perinatal outcomes. All were delivered between July 1994 and February 2002 at Ajou University Hospital. Their clinical records were reviwed. RESULTS: The mean maternal age of IVF group and spontaneously conceived group was 30.7+/-3.7 years, 28.4+/-4.0 years and primiparous women were 86.9%, 58.5% (p=0.000). In IVF group and spontaneously conceived group, mean gestational age was 35.0+/-1.7 weeks, 35.5+/-2.1 weeks (P=0.000), mean birth weight 2311.4+/-411.7 gm, 2324.3+/-447.1 gm (P=0.015), and frequency of birth weight less than 2500 gm 70.6%, 60.3% (p=0.001). In both groups, the frequencies for preterm labor, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and birth weight discordancy were 42.2%, 32.3% (p=0.032), 8.3%, 18.3% (p=0.002), 5.3%, 8.7% (p=0.052%), 7.8%, 10.9% (p=0.262), respectively. On the comparison of the chorionicity, monochorion- diamnion was 2.0%, 36.3% (p=0.000) and dichorion-diamnion was 98.0%, 62.8% (p=0.000). And there was no significant difference in congenital anomaly, Apgar scores, frequency and duration of neonatal intensive care unit admission. CONCLUSION: In IVF-ET twin group compared with spontaneously conceived group, there was higher incidence of preterm labor, and low birth weight.
Birth Weight ; Chorion ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Maternal Age ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Ovulation ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Twin*

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase plays an important role in transducing the signals of various growth factor receptors. However, the regulatory mechanism of PI3-kinase activity by these growth factor receptors is not completely understood. Therefore, we attempted to clarify the regulatory mechanism of PI3-kinase using insulin and 3T3 L1 fibroblasts. Our results showed that insulin stimulated PI3-kinase activity seven-fold and concomitantly phosphorylated a p85 subunit at the tyrosine residue. However, this tyrosine phosphorylation was not significant in the activation of PI3-kinase as the PI3-kinase pulled down by the overexpressed GST-p85 fusion protein showed as high an activity as the immunoprecipitated one. The p110 subunit was phosphorylated at both serine and tyrosine residues without insulin treatment. Since the phosphorylation state was not changed by insulin. The results suggested that phosphorylation of the p110 subunit does not control PI3-kinase activity. Finally, it was shown that the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) binding to PI3-kinase was not sufficient for full activation because the amount of IRS-1 pulled down by the GST-p85 fusion protein reached almost maximum, after incubation with insulin-treated cell lysates for 20 min, whereas PI3-kinase activity reached its maximum only after incubation for 5 h. All results suggest that the phosphorylation of p85 subunit at tyrosine residues and phosphorylation of p110 subunit at tyrosine or serine residues are not functionally significant in the regulation of PI3-kinase activity. They also suggest that P13-kinase is needed to bind to other protein(s) as well as the insulin receptor substrate-1 for full activation.
1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism* ; 3T3 Cells ; Animal ; Enzyme Activation ; Fibroblasts/metabolism* ; Human ; Immunoblotting ; Insulin/pharmacology* ; Mice ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Time Factors