No abstract available.
Hepatitis A Antibodies* ; Hepatitis* ; Immunoglobulin M*

PURPOSE: To assess whether a 4 mg/0.05 ml intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection can reduce the IOP elevation compared to conventional 4 mg/0.1 ml injection. METHODS: A retrospective case study was performed in 48 patients (48 eyes) who received intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection and who had a minimum follow-up time of six months. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 4 mg/0.1 ml or 4 mg/0.05 ml (24 patients in each group). RESULTS: Before injection, mean IOP was 13.8+/-2.2 mmHg and 13.9+/-2.4 mmHg in the 0.1 ml and 0.05 ml group. The difference in IOP elevation between the two groups was statistically significant immediately after injection (P=0.000), one hour after injection (P=0.001), and one day after injection (P=0.000). After injection, the central macular thickness decreased significantly the of two groups. The difference of the central macular thickness decrease between both groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: An intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide 4 mg/0.05 ml injection will more quickly reduce the IOP elevation in the early phase compared to 4 mg/0.1 ml injection, while providing a similar effect on the change of central macular thickness.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Retrospective Studies ; Triamcinolone ; Triamcinolone Acetonide

PURPOSE: To report a rare case of choroidal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. CASE SUMMARY: A 61-year-old man visited our clinic with the chief complaint of decreased vision in the right eye. Three years earlier, he underwent right nephrectomy due to renal cell carcinoma. Best corrected visual acuity was 0.2 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye. Fundoscopic examination of the right eye revealed a yellowish, dome-shaped elevated choroidal mass with serous retinal detachment, measuring 5.0 x 4.0 disc diameter and located lateral to the macular area. Systemic evaluations showed multiple lung and brain metastases. A diagnosis of choroidal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma was made for the right eye, and the patient received local treatments with oral sorafenib therapy, composed of subtenon triamcinolone injection and intravitreal ranibizumab injection. Tumor progression continued, and visual acuity declined to hand motion. Enucleation was recommended, but the patient refused and is on a regular follow-up after transpupillary thermotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular manifestation may be the initial presenting sign of a recurrent tumor, and an extensive systemic evaluation for metastatic malignancy should be performed. The present example showed a rare case of choroidal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Brain ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Choroid ; Eye ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nephrectomy ; Niacinamide ; Phenylurea Compounds ; Retinal Detachment ; Triamcinolone ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity ; Ranibizumab

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects and usefulness of combined intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in patients with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 40 patients (40 eyes) with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy who had been treated with PRP alone (laser treatment group, n=20) or intravitreal bevacizumab before PRP (combined treatment group, n=20). Changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) and the total area of leakage from active new vessels (NVs) were compared between the groups at one, three, and six months and at one year post-treatment. RESULTS: In the combined treatment group, CMT decreased significantly at one month (p=0.021), and the areas of active NVs decreased significantly at one month (p=0.001) and three months (p=0.014) compared to those of the laser treatment group. However, there were no differences between the two groups after three months. In the combined treatment group, elevated intraocular pressures were found in three cases after one month, and there were vitreous hemorrhages in two cases after three months. CONCLUSIONS: The combined treatment showed significant early improvements in BCVA, CMT, and NVs regression for up to three months. However, long-term follow-up and additional treatment was necessary in the patients with persistent or recurred NVs and macular edema after three months.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Intravitreal Injections ; Light Coagulation ; Macular Edema ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity ; Vitreous Hemorrhage ; Bevacizumab

Unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy is a rare, self limiting disorder that affects healthy young adults with sudden, severe loss of central vision. We diagnosed bilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy in a 17-year-old man who experienced sudden, rapidly progressive central visual loss following a flu-like illness and report this case with a review of the literatures.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To report the ocular health of a community after an accidental release of hydrofluoric acid (HF). METHODS: The hospital records of 327 patients that were exposed to HF between Sep 9, 2012 and Oct 31, 2012 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, subjective ocular symptoms, and the ophthalmologic examination results of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Among the 327 patients, 203 patients (62.1%) were exposed to hydrofluoric acid (HF) within 1,000 m of the site of the accident. A total of 131 patients (40.1%) were exposed to HF over 3 days. The most frequently reported ocular symptoms after HF exposure were ocular pain (49.5%) and conjunctival hyperemia (37.9%). Conjunctival hyperemia (43.4%), corneal erosion (23.9%), conjunctiva papilla, and follicles (24.2% and 14.4%, respectively) were noted during ophthalmologic examinations, but 46.2% of patients were normal on examination. None of the patients had vision-threatening damages. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, severe ocular surface changes, which can affect vision, were not identified. This result could be explained by the low atmospheric HF concentration after the accident.
Burns, Chemical ; Conjunctiva ; Hospital Records ; Humans ; Hydrofluoric Acid* ; Hyperemia ; Vision, Ocular

PURPOSE: To report a case of hemorrhagic lymphangiectasia treated with surgical excision and confirmed by pathologic examination. CASE SUMMARY: A 21-year-old man presented with spontaneous hyperemia of his right eye of 1 week duration. The patient had a history of tuberculous retinal vasculitis and uveitis 1 year prior, but there was no active lesion during regular follow-up. There was no history of trauma, visual disturbance, diplopia, ocular pain, or any sign of systemic disease. Slit lamp examination showed tortuous dilatation of blood-filled lymphatic vessels on temporal conjunctiva of the right eye. The lesion did not change during the 4 weeks of follow-up and local excision biopsy was made for final diagnosis and treatment. Pathologic examinations revealed thin-walled lymphatic vessels with localized dilatation which contained blood in the lumen consistent with hemorrhagic lymphangiectasia. There was no sign of recurrence until 2 months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Hemorrhagic lymphangiectasia should be considered in patients with recurrent or longstanding localized tortuous subconjunctival hemorrhage.
Biopsy ; Conjunctiva ; Dilatation ; Diplopia ; Eye ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Lymphatic Vessels ; Recurrence ; Retinal Vasculitis ; Uveitis ; Young Adult

Congenital anterior urethral diverticulum is presented as a cause of urinary tract obstruction and is rate in young male. We report a case of congenital anterior urethral diverticulum developed in 3 year old male child.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diverticulum* ; Humans ; Male ; Urinary Tract

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in the processing of emotionally significant stimuli, particularly the inhibition of inappropriate responses. We examined the role of the mPFC in regulation of fear responses using a differential fear conditioning procedure in which the excitatory conditioned stimulus (CS+) was paired with an aversive footshock and intermixed with the inhibitory conditioned stimulus (CS-). In the first experiment, using rats as subjects, muscimol, a gamma-amino-butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agonist, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was infused intracranially into the mPFC across three conditioning sessions. Twenty-four hours after the last conditioning session, freezing response of the rats was tested in a drug-free state. Neither the muscimol nor the aCSF infusion had any effect on differential responding. In the second experiment, the same experimental procedure was used except that the infusion was made before the testing session rather than the conditioning sessions. The results showed that muscimol infusion impaired differential responding: the level of freezing to CS- was indiscriminable from that to CS+. Taken together, these results suggest that the mPFC is responsible for the regulation of fear response by inhibiting inappropriate fear expressions.
Animals ; Freezing ; Muscimol ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in macular thickness with regard to age and gender in normal subjects with emmetropia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. METHODS: The present study consisted of 90 healthy subjects (162 eyes) with no ophthalmic evidence of retinopathy and who had emmetropic eyes. The data from macular measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography was analyzed according to the groups divided by age (Group 1: 0 to 19 years of age, Group 2: 20 to 39 years of age, Group 3: 40 to 59 years of age, Group 4: 60 to 80 years of age) and gender. RESULTS: Macular thickness of the central circle was 253.40 +/- 23.03 microm in all subjects. There was no significant change with age (p > 0.05). However, the measurements at the inner (3 mm) and outer circle (6 mm) showed a reduction of macular thickness with age (p < 0.05). The macular thickness at the central and inner circle was significantly lower in the female subjects (p < 0.05). In group 3 and 4, macular thickness at the central circle in males was greater than in females. In group 3, the average inner macular thickness in males was significantly greater than in females (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In normal subjects with emmetropia, there are statistically significant differences in macular thickness between subjects of different age and gender. The results from the present study can be expected to provide a reference value for evaluating macular disease.
Emmetropia ; Eye ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reference Values ; Tomography, Optical Coherence