As is widely recognized, Heo Jun was a man who under King Seonjo (1568-1608) performed his duty as a royal physician very successfully and also left a truly monumental work (Dongeuibogam), An Encyclopedia of Oriental Medicine. In spite of such a great accomplishment as a royal physician and as a compiler, Heo Jun was not accepted or treated properly by the people in the government as well as in the society He was particularly discriminated against by his lineage members as is well shown in the genealogy compiled by his clan in 1911.
*Encyclopedias ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 16th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 17th Cent. ; Korea ; Physicians/*history ; *Public Opinion

In this work my main focus was put on two things; first, to examine the history of publication of Tongui - bogam within the nation with particular interest in the changing aspect observed from the bibliographical terms, and second, to examine the process through which Tongui - bogam was introduced to Japan and China, and the influence the book brought the two nations. Some of the findings concerning the domestic publication of Tongui - bogam are as follows. The first printing of the book was made in 1613, under the auspice of Naeui - won, one of the government organs in the capital in charge of medical affairs. It was printed with wooden movable type carved at Hullyeon - togam, the military training bureau. As for the question of the history of the domestic publication of Tongui - bogam after the first printing in 1613, we don't have enough data yet. Although there are many different editions of Tongui - bogam extant today, with different size and different font each, I could find so far only three copies which carry the data concerning its publication, one printed in 1659 by the Kyongsang provincial government with newly engraved woodblock, one printed in 1754 again by the Kyongsang provincial government with re-engraved woodblock, and one printed in 1814 by the Cholla provincial government with newly re-engraved woodblock. Each of the three was a revised edition at the time of its publication because every time it was based on the copy corrected by Naeui - won. In addition to the above mentioned three different editions of Tongui - bogam, three are quite a few copies originally printed with wooden movable type of different font, at various time and various places. None of them has any record concerning the date and place of its publication, and none of them shows that it was based on the Naeui-won corrected version as a mother copy. Accordingly, all of them carry quite a few erratum misprinting and it seems quite certain that all of them were produced before 1659. I also feel that the 1724 Japanese edition was based on one of the pre - 1659 copies. In Japan, the first publication of Tongui - bogam was made in the year of 1724 (the 9th year of Kyoho in Japanese year title) under the auspice of the Japanese government i.e. the Tokugawa Bakuf. The book carries a preface written by a man named Fubihara, then the vice president of national university, and a postscript written by Minamoto mototoru, a government attached monk physician. It was a woodblock printing and the title of the book was "Kankoku - Teisei Tongui - bogam. The reason the word "Kankoku-Teisei" the Revised Edition Printed with Officially Engraved Woodblocks", was added to the title was that the publication was made by the government and before publication the government ordered Minamoto to read through the original Tongui-bogam throughly and make corrections if any misprintings be found. Minamoto also put the so-called kunto marks, the Japanese way of punctuation system on the original text all the way so that they could read it in the their own way. As the question of what edition of Tongi - bogam the Japanese used as a mother copy and whwn and how the mother copy had been brought to Japan are not clear at all. But judging from the fact that it carries quite a few erratum in spite of their efforts at proofreading before engraving the woodblock, it seems likely that Tongui - bogam they used as a mother copy was the one which was printed in Korea before 1659. In 1659 Tongui-bogam was published in Korea by the Kyongsang provincial government in Taegu with newly engraved woodblock. According to the attached record concerning its publication, it was a revised edition based on the Naeui - won corrected-copy, and this edition carries no misprintings in it at all. On the other hand, among the various editions of the extant Tongui - bogam today we can find some copy which, originally printed from wooden movable type, carries almost the same misprinting as those found in the 1724 Japanese edition. In other words, we are quite certain that the mother copy of the 1724 Japanese edition was brought to Japan before the Naeui - won - corrected - edition began to appear in Korea in 1659. The second publication of Tongui - bogam in Japan was made in 1799 in the city of Osaka. It was reprinted from the original woodblock of 1724 edition, and this second edition was later used in China in 1890 as a mother copy. The first publication of Tongui - bogam in China was made in the year 1766. It was a woodblock edition printed in Kwangtung province, located in the southern end of China. According to the attached preface written by a high ranking official named Nungo, a native of Kwangtung area, the publication was originally initiated by the governor of that province Mr. Wang, who deeply admired the value of Tongui - bogam. Since the Tongui - bogam at that time was available only in Bigak, the palace library in Peijing, the capital of the Ch'ing dynasty, the governor Mr. Wang had to send a man to Peijing to make a manuscript copy of Tongui - bogam of 25 of the volumes. But unfortunately Mr. Wang left his post before his plan to publish the book was realized and it was thanks to another native man named Chwahanmun who donated big money to cover the expenses of publication. The 1766 edition of Tongui - bogam, one copy of which is now in the possession of Kyungbuk University library, is understandably not a good copy, because it has many erratum in it. But it was reprinted afterwards sometimes with re-engraved woodblock many times at various places in China. The second publication of Tongui - bogam in China appeared in 1890. It carries a preface written by Mincheyusang. It was based on the Japanese edition printed in 1799 in Oosaka. What is interesting with Mr. Min's preface is that it shows their deep admiration of the value of Tongui - bogam on one hand, and at the same time very critical attitude toward the basic philosophy of Hojun on the other hand.
*Bibliography of Medicine ; China ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, Modern ; Japan ; Korea ; *Medicine ; Publishing/*history

The purpose of this study is to estimate the minimum optimal scale(MOS) of the self-employed health insurance associations. Considering the high proportion of operating expenses, the author have selected 254 regional health insurance associations from the 1990 Finance Report of the self-employed health insurance programs. both a quadratic function and a hyperbolic function were chosen for the analysis. The dependent variables are the average maintenance cost per insured person and per household, and the independent variables are the number of insured members and of household. The minimum optimal scale was obtained from the differentiation of the quadratic function. Major findings are summarized as follows: 1. The M.O.S. was calculated as 166,174 members (27,442 households) for the rural self-employed health insurance associations and 258,462 members (75,446 households) for the urban. Providing that both the rural and urban health insurance associations would e integrated, the M.O.S. be found to become 231,687 members (68,101 households) 2. Compared with the optimal minimum scale, the magnitude of the current health insurance association found to be much smaller, less than half of the optimal scale. 3. In order to reduce the operating cost, it is necessary to enlarge the operational scale of self-employed health insurance associations.
Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Insurance ; Insurance, Health* ; Korea* ; Urban Health

The purpose of this study is to estimate cesarean section rate in Korea and analyze the socioeconomic variables and health resources which affect regional variation in the rate. Samples were drawn from the record of vaginal and cesarean section deliveries based upon insurance claim bills which have been submitted to the National Federation of Medical Insurance for the first three months, January through March, 1991. The results are obtained as follows: It was found that, cesarean section rate was increasing rapidly up to 23.1% in 1991. Cesarean section per 10 thousand insured people was 4.8 and the number of cesarean section per 10 thousand insured eligible(15-49 years old) female was 7.6. The fee for normal delivery was 109,489 won and that for cesarean section was 390,024 won. The average days of hospitalization in normal delivery was 2.3 days, and those in cesarean section was 7.6 days. On the average cesarean section has a longer of stay as much as by 4.3 days and cost 3.6 times more than normal deliveries. Cesarean section rates vary among medical facilities: 19.8% at clinics 37.6% in small-scale hospitals, and 29.1% in general hospitals. The regional variation of cesarean section rates was also fairly prominent. The South Cheju Gun has the highest rate of cesarean section, 56.2%. Meanwhile no cesarean section cases has been reported in Sunchang Gun during the period of this study. The variation is noted among provinces. The rate for Cheju province has been 3.4 times higher than that for Chunnam. The number of cesarean section per 10 thousand insured people vary greatly among regions, too. This study has found that there exists significant regional variations among various geographic units in terms of average length of stay, average cost, number of obsretricians and number of beds. Multiple regression analysis was done to identify factors explaining the regional variance of various cesarean section rates: In the urban areas, no significant explaining variables were noted except the number of beds for the dependent variable of cesarean section cases per 10 thousand insured eligible females. The smaller the number of bed, the more cases of cesarean section was noted for an urban area. The is mostly because the rate of cesarean section is higher in medium-size hospitals than in large general hospitals. In the rural areas, the factor of education has been found significant for all three dependent variables. The higher the educational level, the rate of cesarean section is most likely to rise. An income variable measured by the amount of monthly insurance contribution has been identified a powerful predictor in explaining the variance of cesarean section rates. The same has been noted for the number of obstetricians. Similar findings are observed for the country as a whole. The income level has been found as the most powerful explaining factor in the regional variance of cesarean section rates. In general the rate is higher in the urban areas, and lower in the area with more small hospitals. As this is the initial attempt to identify the factors relevant to the regional difference in the rates of cesarean section, more elaborated study is urgently required.
Cesarean Section* ; Education ; Fees and Charges ; Female ; Health Resources ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Insurance ; Jeju-do ; Korea* ; Length of Stay ; Pregnancy

Isolated situs in versus of the stomach with otherwise normal position of the thoracic and abdominal vescera isan extremely rare anomaly occurring in two distinct forms. Majority of cases are associated with eventration of the diaphragm and are reported as being confused with spontaneous pneumothorax of pyopneumothorax at base of the right lung. The right sided stomach may produce interesting and confusing changes in liver scan. We have experienced 2 cases of the isolated dextrogastria.
Diaphragm ; Liver ; Lung ; Pneumothorax ; Stomach

This survey was conducted to evaluate with 457 health professionals from July, 1999 to September, 1999 the awareness of and satisfaction with the nutrition labeling system in Korea and to determine a desirable labeling system. Professors of food and nutrition and nutrition researchers in the food industry had the hightest scores on awareness of the nutrition labeling system(75.6% and 73.4%, respectively), which was significantly different from each other by occupation(p<0.01). Frequently checked labeling information were expiration date, production date, price, and company respectively. Special nutrient food producers(56.9%), dietitians(49.3%), nurses(48.1%), researchers(42.3%) answered moderately on satisfaction with nutrition information for products, which was statistically significant(p<0.01). This suggests that health professionals were unsatisfied with the present nutrition labeling system. In nutrition focusing statements, nutrient content claims, health claims, and working periods were significantly related with nutrition focusing statements and health claims, but not with nutrient content claims : the subject who had been working for more than 10 years and less than 5 years had positive thoughts or those matters while the subjects whose working periods were between 10 and 5 years had the lowest score. The most desirable labeling units were serving size(65.1%). Ninety two percent of the subjects wanted absolute nutrient contents in food and their percentage of the KRDA. Eight nine percent of health professionals agreed that the health claims should be used only with scientific approval by the government or food research institutions. Only 4.4% of subjects were satisfied with current regulations of health claims(p<0.001). More studies regarding labeling units, their range and nutrient reference values are needed. The opinions of health professionals in nutrition labeling system should discussed to establish a desirable nutrition labeling system.
Food Industry ; Food Labeling* ; Health Occupations* ; Korea ; Reference Values ; Social Control, Formal

It has been reported that ischernia causes changes in the concentration and tumover of monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. For the mechanism of cellular death in brain ischernia it is suggested that accumulation of intracellular calcium during ischemia is one of the main causes. Present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of ischemia on the contents and tumover of the biogenic anines in rat brain and further to investigate the effects of nimodipine, a calcium channel blocker, and cromakalim, a potassium channel opener, on them. Brain ischemia was induced by partial ligation of bilateral common carotid artery. Nimodipine (36 ,ug/kg, I.p.) or cromakalim (0.5mg/kg, I.p.) was administered 20 minutes before ligation. Nimodipine was administered every 4 hours in 24-hour ischemic group. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation 3 or 24 hours after induction of ischemia and whole brains were excised. The brain was divided into follow ing regions; cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, substantia nigra and cerebellum. The concentrations of biogenic amines and their metabolites were measured by high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD).
Animals ; Biogenic Amines* ; Brain Ischemia ; Brain* ; Calcium ; Calcium Channels ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Cerebellum ; Cerebral Cortex ; Corpus Striatum ; Cromakalim ; Decapitation ; Hippocampus ; Hypothalamus ; Ischemia ; Ligation ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Nimodipine* ; Potassium Channels ; Rats* ; Substantia Nigra ; Thalamus

BACKGROUND: The main source of carbohydrate in the Korean diet is rice, which is usually served in a rice bowl. This study investigated the impact of a meal plan using smaller rice bowls on dietary energy intake and macronutrient composition in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total of 67 women with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in our study. We divided these participants into three groups: a normal-weight group (NW; body mass index [BMI] < 23 kg/m2; n = 17), an overweight group (OW; 23 < or = BMI < 25 kg/m2; n = 24) and an obese group (OB; BMI > or = 25 kg/m2; n = 26). Three-day dietary records were analyzed for total energy intake (TEI) and macronutrient composition both before enrollment and two weeks after patients received instruction in a dietary plan based on using a small (200 mL) rice bowl. RESULTS: After the intervention, TEI decreased in the OW and OB groups. Decreased carbohydrate (NW, -4 +/- 5%; OW, -4 +/- 5%; OB, -3 +/- 6%) and increased fat intakes were found in all three groups, which complies with Korean Diabetes Association recommendations. The protein proportion of TEI significantly increased only in the OW group. Body weight decreased both in the OW and OB groups. CONCLUSION: A short-term, small-rice-bowl-based meal plan was effective for body weight control and macronutrient balance in overweight or obese women in Korea with type 2 diabetes.
Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diet, Diabetic ; Diet ; Diet Records ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Overweight

BACKGROUND: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys reported 65% of daily energy intake (EI) as carbohydrate (CHO) in the Korean population and main source of CHO was cooked rice. We used a standardized-small sized rice bowl for diet education and investigated its effectiveness on body weight, glucose and lipid, compared to the conventional food exchange system in type 2 diabetes obese women. METHODS: Type 2 diabetic women with body mass index > or = 23 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to small rice bowl-based meal plan (BM) and food exchange-based meal plan (ExM) group. Both groups were asked to reduce their EI by 500 kcal/day for 12 weeks. The macronutrient composition was instructed: 55 to 60% of EI as CHO, 15 to 20% as protein, and 20 to 25% as fat. BM group received only a simple instruction for application of the rice bowl. Nutrient intake was estimated with the 3-day dietary records. RESULTS: Finally, 44 subjects finished the study. The percent reduction of body weight was significant both BM group (-5.1 +/- 2.6%) and ExM group (-4.8 +/- 2.8%) after 12 weeks (P < 0.001) but there was no difference between the groups. There was no difference in the proportional change of CHO, protein and fat in EI between the groups. Additionally, the change of HbA1c and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The BM group was as effective as ExM for body weight and glucose control in type 2 diabetes obese women.
Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diet, Diabetic ; Diet ; Diet Records ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Meals ; Obesity ; Weight Loss

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is an important factor in atherosclerosis. Thus we examined whether aerobic exercise could reduce arterial stiffness in obese women with type 2 diabetes without diabetic complication. METHODS: A total of 35 women with type 2 diabetes (body mass index, 26.6+/-2.8 kg/m2; age, 56.4+/-1.9 years; duration of diabetes, 4.7+/-4.8 years) were assigned to aerobic exercise group (AEG) or control group (CG). AEG completed a 12-week exercise program (3.6 to 5.2 metabolic equivalents, 3 day/week, 60 min/day), with their exercise activities monitored by accelerometers. We measured abdominal total fat area (TFA), visceral fat area (VFA), and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) by computed tomography, insulin sensitivity by insulin tolerance test (K(ITT)), and augmentation index (AIx) by SphygmoCor at baseline and at the end of the 12-week program. RESULTS: The AIx was improved in the AEG compared with the CG (P<0.001). The percent change of AIx had significant correlation with the improvement of physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), aerobic capacity, TFA, and SFA (r=-0.416, P=0.013; r=0.560, P<0.001; r=0.489, P=0.003; r=0.531, P=0.001, respectively), but not with insulin sensitivity, energy intake, or VFA. CONCLUSION: Improvement in aortic stiffness by aerobic exercise is related with the improvement of aerobic capacity, PAEE, and total fat but not with insulin sensitivity or energy intake in obese women with type 2 diabetes.
Abdominal Fat ; Atherosclerosis ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism* ; Exercise* ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance* ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity* ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Vascular Stiffness*