This erratum is being published to correct of Table 3 and page 1149.

No abstract available.
Actinomycosis*

No abstract available.
Actinomycosis*

No abstract available.
Memory*

PUEPOSE: This study was conducted to compare self-rated health, health status, and health promotion behaviors between non-low income and low income elderly women in the urban setting. METHOD: The subjects of this study consisted of 668 Korean elderly women over 65years. The data was analyzed by the SAS(ver.8.02) computer program, and it included descriptive statistics, chi-square-test, analysis of covariance, pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: 1) The non-low income elderly women had significantly higher scores(self-rated health, health status, and health promotion behavior) than the low income elderly women. 2) In low income elderly women, age, number of children were the main effect factors of health status, and level of education, burden of medical expense were the main effect factors of health promotion behaviors. In non-low income elderly women, number of children was the main effect factors of health status, and level of education, level of pocket money were the main effect factors of health promotion behaviors. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the establishment of a health care system for elderly according to their social-economic level is very important for providing productive care apposite to the situation of elderly.
Aged* ; Child ; Delivery of Health Care ; Education ; Female ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Logistic Models

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of exercise program on knowledge and attitude of excercise, and depression in low-income elderly women. METHOD: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 26 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group among 46 low-income women over age 65. The independent variable is the exercise program, and the dependent variables are knowledge and attitude of excercise and depression. The exercise program was performed for 45-50 minutes, twice a week for 8 weeks. Data was collected from March. 12. to May. 8. 2004. RESULT: Participants were given a pre-test and post-test for the selected variables. The experimental group reported significant improvements in their knowledge and attitude of excercise and depression scores compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the exercise program had the potential to manage low-income elderly women's health promotion. Furthermore, the exercise program can enhance life satisfaction in low-income elderly women.
*Poverty ; Korea ; Humans ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Female ; *Exercise Therapy ; Depressive Disorder/*therapy ; Aged

The authors investigsted the effects of azelaic acid on human melanoma cells (G 361 melanoma cell line) and cultured normal melanocytes obtained from the prepuce of newborn. The results were as follows : 1. The proliferation of melanoma cells was decreased, but not in a dose-and time- ependent fashion. The cell population of melanoma cells after 2, 4, and 6 days of culture was decreased to 3.80 x 10(5)cells/well, 4.55 x 10(5)cells/well, and 4.30 X 10(5)cells/ well, respectively, in the presence of 10(-2)M azelaic acid. The proliferation of mormal elanocytes of normal melanocytes was decreased in a dose-dependent, but not in a time-dependent fashion. The cell population of normal melanocytes after 2, 4, and 6 days of culture was significantly decreased to 6.38 x 10(5)+/-1.37 x 10(5) cells/well, 5.33 x 10(5)+/-0.73x10(5) cells/well, and 7.20x10(5)+/-1,11 x10(5)cells/well, respectively, in the presence of 10(-2) M azelaic acid(p<0,05, p<0.01). 2. A dose-and time-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis was not found in either group. However, DNA synthesis in melanoma cells was decreased to 92710+5188 CPM, 16268+/-15S5 CPM, 8518+/-996 CPM, respectively, after 2, 4, and 6 days of culture, and in normal melanocytes was decreased to 9398+/-2279 CPM(p>0.05) and 6953+/-1217 CPM (p<0.05) after 4 and 6 days of culture in the prensence of 10(-2) Mazelaic acid, 3. There was no difference in melanin content per well at various concentrations in either group, but the melanin content per individual melanocyte of the melanoma cells was increased to 0.0303 ng/cell, 0.0253 ng/cell, and 0.0377 ng/cell, respectively, and that of normal melanocytes was signifieantly increased to 0.0754+/-0.0215 ng/cell, 0.0719+/-0.0144 ng/cell(p<0.05), and 0.1089+/-0.0185 ng/cell(p<0.05), respectively, after 2, 4, and 6 days of culture in the presence of 10(-2) M azelaic acid.
DNA ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Melanins ; Melanocytes* ; Melanoma

PURPOSE: This study attempted to describe the essential structure of the lived experience of a students transferring into the nursing program. METHOD: The data was collected from 14 graduates and undergraduates who enrolled in nursing school as transfer students. The analysis of the data was made by phenominological analytic method suggested by Colaizzi(1978). RESULT: In this study, 6 essential themes were extracted: 'Constant anxiety of being a stranger', 'Feeling of constant burden', 'Thankfulness of a clinical practice group', 'Being supportive with each other between transferring students', 'Pleasure of studying a desired major', 'Feeling the responsibility of own choice of a new major'. CONCLUSION: With rapidly increasing number of transferring students, the significance of this study in the field of nursing is that by understanding the transferring experience of nursing students, it describes the need of systematic and emotional support for transferring students.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to understand the meaning of mind control as it is understood by elderly persons in Korea. METHOD: This study was conducted by engaging three elderly persons who are over the age of sixty five and presently residing in Seoul. Several in depth interviews were conducted with these individuals from March 2003 until November 2003. The contents of the interviews were analyzed using the Giorgi Method (1985), which places the emphasis on discovering meaning within the phenomenological context of an individual's experience. RESULTS: The analysis of the contents revealed the following four components with regard to the meaning of mind control for elderly persons (1) Settling the mind (2) Gradual lowering of expectations and hope for the success of offspring, (3) Having good thoughts and acting accordingly, and (4) Making up one's mind to follow the 'natural flow of life'. CONCLUSION: By allowing a wider and deeper understanding of the meaning of mind control for elderly persons the results of this study provide a basis for improving the care of elderly with a holistic perspective.
Aged* ; Hope ; Humans ; Korea* ; Life Change Events ; Seoul

BACKGROUND: In the skin, the major stimulus for cutaneous pigmentation is ultraviolet radiation. The most important physiologic role of melanin is protection against harmful UV radiation to skin. It is known there are some differences in melanization between a single and multiple exposures of UVB, in vivo. Little if known about the functions of the melanocyte alone in cutaneous pigmentation after ultraviolet exposure, because of the complexity of interactions in the whole epidermis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of multiple exposures at various dosages of UVB, and to compare the effect of UVB in multiple divided exposures with a single exposure at the same total dosage of UVB on proliferation and melanization in cultured human melanocyte. METHODS: Melanocytes were cultured by modified TIC medium. The melanoctes were exposed daily for three consecutive days to UVB at 2, 4, 8 and 16 mJ/cm2and a single exposure at 24 mJ/cm2. The morphologic changes were examined by phase contrast microscopy. The melanocytes were counted by hemocytometer and melanin contents were assayed by spectrophotometer. RESULTS: 1. The effects of multiple UVB exposures: 1) The morphologic changes were as follows: With three time exposures at a dosage of 8 mJ/cm2, themelanocytes enlarged in size, and elongated their dendrites slightly; with three time exposures at a dosage of 16 mJ/cm2, enlargement in sized and elongation of dendrited were more significant. 2) With three time exposures at dosages of 2 nd 4 mJ/cm2, the proliferation of melanocytes was stiumlated significantly(p<0.05). However, with three time exposures at dosages of 8 and 16 mJ/cm2the proliferation was inhibited(p<0.05). 3) With three time exposures at dosages of 2 and 4 mJ/cm2, the melanin contents were decreased. However, with three tiem exposures at a dosage of 16 mJ/cm2, the melanin contents were highly increased(p<0.01). 2. The comparison between multiple divided exposures and a single exposure at the same toal dosage of UVB: 1) There were no morphologic differences of dendrities between with three time exposures at a dosage of 8 mJ/cm2 and with a single exposure at a dosage of 24 mJ/cm2. However enlarged melanocytes were more numerous with a single exposure. 2) The proliferation of melanocytes was more inhibited with a single exposure than with multiple divided exposures(p<0.05). 3) The melanin contents were more increased with a single exposure than with multiple divided exposures(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: With multiple exposures at lower dosages of UVB, the proliferation of melanocytes was stimulated, and melanization was decreased. However, with multiple exposures at higher dosages of UVB, the proliferation was inhibited, and melanization was increased. At the same total dosage of UVB, the proliferation was more inhibited, and the melanization was more increased with a single exposure than with multiple divided exposures.
Dendrites ; Dermatitis, Irritant ; Epidermis ; Humans* ; Melanins ; Melanocytes* ; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast ; Pigmentation ; Skin ; Tics