BACKGOUND: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a widely expressed growth factor with both mitogenic and chemotactic activities in many connective tissue cell types. There are four members of PDGF family; PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF-C, PDGF-D. Their biological effects are mediated via two tyrosine kinase receptors, PDGF receptor-alpha and PDGF receptor-beta, and PDGF-mediated signaling is critical for development of many organ systems and acquired disease. The aims of this study were to determine the changes of PDGF-A, PDGF-C and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-alpha expression in ischemia reperfusion acute renal failure model. METHODS: We examined the expression and localization of PDGF-A, PDGF-C and PDGF receptor-alpha protein using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry and PDGF-C mRNA using RNase protection assay after ischemia reperfusion renal failure model. RESULTS: PDGF-A expression showed no change after ischemia reperfusion injury. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression increased at day 2 after ischemia reperfusion injury. PDGF-C expression increased at day 2 after ischemia reperfusion injury, and was localized in tubular epithelial cells of outer medulla. PDGFR-alpha increased at day 2 after ischemia reperfusion injury, and was localized in tubular interstitium of outer medulla. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that PDGF-C and PDGF receptor-alpha may have an important role in the renal regeneration after ischemia reperfusion renal injury.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Blood Platelets* ; Blotting, Western ; Connective Tissue Cells ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ischemia* ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor* ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor ; Regeneration ; Renal Insufficiency* ; Reperfusion Injury ; Reperfusion* ; Ribonucleases ; RNA, Messenger

PURPOSE: Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas (IPMT) are becoming increasingly recognized. Despite a better understanding of these conditions, IPMT still present difficulty relating to the predictive factors and the risk of relapse after surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, and pathological characteristics of IPMT. METHODS: Between October 1998 and July 2002, 22 patients with IPMT underwent surgery. We retrospectively examined the clinicopathological features and surgical outcomes of these patients. RESULTS: The types of IPMT were as follows: dysplasia (1); adenoma (4); borderline malignancy (9); carcinoma in situ (3); and carcinoma, both non-invasive (3) and invasive (2). Lymph node metastasis was not found, but stromal invasion was found in the 2 cases of invasive carcinoma. The locations of the IPMT were as follows: head (6); uncinate process (11); body (4); and tail (1). There were 11 main duct types, 10 branched duct types and 1 combined. All patients underwent surgical resection, including 3 pancreaticoduodenectomies, 12 pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomies, 4 distal pancreatectomies with splenectomies, 2 near-total pancreatectomies with splenectomies, and 1 enucleation. There were no operative or hospital deaths. A recurrence of the IPMT following surgery occurred in 2 cases. Their pathological features were a carcinoma in situ and a borderline malignancy, but not the invasive type. However, one case of recurrence expired 7 month after surgery. A combination of other malignancies in these patients was found in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: IPMT has a favorable prognosis, when compared with pancreatic duct carcinoma. However, long-term follow-up after surgery is necessary, even for a curative resection due to a recurrence or a combination of other malignancies. Because combination of other malignancies exist infrequently, surgeons should be aware of the possibility of co-existing other malignancies.
Adenoma ; Carcinoma in Situ ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mucins* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pancreas* ; Pancreatectomy ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Splenectomy

Adenoma, Pleomorphic ; Parotid Gland ; Retrospective Studies ; Salivary Ducts ; Salivary Glands ; Salivary Glands, Minor

Patients with bile duct stones usually present with biliary pain, obstructive jaundice, ascending cholangitis, or pancreatitis. When endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is performed, bile duct stones are usually movable and thus easily detected. If a stone in the bile duct presents unusually, it may pose some diagnostic challenges. Recently, we experienced a case of an impacted distal common bile duct (CBD) stone mimicking a tumor which resulted in performing a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy in an asymptomatic 56-year-old man. On ERCP, an obstructing distal CBD lesion did not move even by doing brush cytology. Moreover, the result of brush cytology was positive for atypical cells. A major resective surgery performed after recovery from severe post-ERCP pancreatitis confirmed the diagnosis. Interestingly, this stone caused erosion with acute and chronic inflammation and fibrosis containing foci of mild epithelial dysplasia. We herein report an unusual manifestation of gallstone disease with a review of the literature.
Bile Ducts ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Common Bile Duct* ; Diagnosis ; Fibrosis ; Gallstones* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Jaundice, Obstructive ; Middle Aged ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy ; Pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the gene status of p16INK4A, p18INK4C, the expression of cell cycle associated proteins (p16INK4A, p18INK4C, cyclin D1, CDK4, pRb, and p53), and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection to investigate whether the inactivation of these genes participated in carcinogenesis, and to evaluated the expression of cell cycle associated proteins and HPV infections. METHODS: We examined forty-one primary cervical carcinomas (17 adenocarcinomas, 13 keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas, and 11 nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas) using PCR, comparative multiplex PCR, PCR-SSCP, methylation-specific PCR, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Ninety percent of cervical carcinomas showed HPV infection. HPV type 16 was detected in 41% and HPV type 18 was found in 44%. Homozygous deletions at p16INK4A gene were observed in 2 cases, but the mutation of p16INK4A and alterations of p18INK4C gene were not detected. The promoter hypermethylation for p16INK4A in nine cases (31%) of 29 cervical carcinomas was found. Expression of p16INK4A protein was observed in 93% and p18INK4C protein expression was noted in 78%. Positive immunostaining for cyclin D1 was only identified in 5%, whereas positive immunostaining for CDK4 was observed in 95%. Expression of pRb protein was found in 93% and p53 protein in 24% of cervical carcinomas. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that high risk HPV infections and methylation of the p16INK4A promoter region seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinomas. Alterations of p18INK4C gene and cyclin D1-CDK4 pathway does not contribute significantly in the cervical carcinogenesis.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Cycle* ; Cyclin D1 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18 ; Cyclins ; Genes, p16 ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Methylation ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Papillomavirus Infections* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Promoter Regions, Genetic

Intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) of the pancreas, a lesion consisting of mucin-producing cells with neoplastic potential, is characterized by duct ectasia, mucin hypersecretion, often extensive papillary intraductal growth, varying degrees of cytologic atypia, and relatively indolent growth. The clinical presentation of IPMT of the pancreas is characterized by chronic or recurrent attacks of abdominal discomfort often in association with low level pancreatic enzyme elevations. Less commonly these lesions may be detected as asymptomatic radiographic abnormalities. Interestingly, a case of a minute IPMT (2 mm in height and 7 mm in length, adenoma) in the main pancreatic duct presenting with acute pancreatitis in a 55 year-old man has been reported in the Japanese literature. Recently, we also experienced a case of a minute IPMT in a branch pancreatic duct causing repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis in a 75 year-old man. A filling defect at the neck of the main pancreatic duct seen on an endoscopic retrograde pancreatogram performed after recovery of the second attack of acute pancreatitis led the patient to undergo an exploratory laparotomy. After a near-total pancreatectomy was carried out, a minute (3 x 7 mm) IPMT of borderline malignancy was discovered in a branch duct at the head portion near the pancreatic neck without any lesions in the main pancreatic duct. Surprisingly, despite the resective surgery the patient died of carcinomatosis 8.5 months after the operation. We herein report a case of a minute but aggressive IPMT of the pancreas with a review of the literature.
Acute Disease ; Aged ; Case Report ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Human ; Male ; Mucins/secretion* ; Pancreatic Ducts/pathology ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/complications* ; Pancreatitis/etiology* ; Recurrence ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMT) of the pancreas is a lesion consisting of mucin-producing cells with neoplastic potential. This unique group of tumors is characterized by duct ectasia, mucin hypersecretion, often extensive papillary intraductal growth, varying degrees of cytologic atypia, and relatively indolent growth. Now IPMT of the pancreas also includes intraductal papillary neoplasms that do not hypersecrete mucin. The clinical presentation of IPMT of the pancreas is characterized by chronic or recurrent attacks of abdominal discomfort often in association with low level pancreatic enzyme elevations. The episodes of pancreatitis due to IPMT of the pancreas are mild in severity. Recently, we was experienced a case of a minute IPMT causing repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis in a 75 year-old man. An endoscopic retrograde pancreatogram revealed a filling defect at the neck of the main pancreatic duct. A near-total pancreatectomy was performed and a minute (3x7 mm) IPMT of borderline malignancy was found in a branch duct at the pancreatic head. Surprisingly, despite the resective surgery the patient died of carcinomatosis. 8.5 months after the operation. This case of a minute but aggressive IPMT of the pancreas is herein reported with a review of the relevant literature.
Aged ; Carcinoma ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Head ; Humans ; Mucins* ; Neck ; Pancreas* ; Pancreatectomy ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Pancreatitis*

The clinical presentation of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) of the pancreas is characterized by chronic or recurrent attacks of abdominal discomfort often in association with low level pancreatic enzyme elevations. The episodes of pancreatitis due to IPMT of the pancreas are usually mild in severity. Recently, however, we experienced a case of IPMT of the pancreas causing severe acute pancreatitis with a protracted course in a 65 year-old woman. Initially, she presented with pancreatic ascites and hyperenzynemia without duct ectasia and mucus extrusion through the papillary orifice. Refeeding caused aggravation of hyperenzynemia and abdominal pain. The 4th follow-up abdominal computed tomography taken about 2 months after admission only revealed marked dilatation of the main pancreatic duct. Distal pancreatectomy disclosed IPMT, combined type and carcinoma in situ histologically. The patient has been followed for 2 years after operation with an uneventful clinical course. We herein report a case of IPMT of the pancreas with an unusual presentation.
Abdominal Pain ; Aged ; Ascites ; Carcinoma in Situ ; Dilatation ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mucins* ; Mucus ; Pancreas* ; Pancreatectomy ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Pancreatitis*

Fibrinolytic properties have been detected in animal and human gallbladder (GB) bile. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has been reported in greater concentration in GB stone bile and may be a nucleating factor in the pathogenesis of GB stone formation. It is unknown whether or not human choledochal bile has similar properties, which could have a role in choledocholithiasis. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of fibrinolytic properties of human choledochal bile and to compare those properties among normal, acalculous, and calculous-infected choledochal bile. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and PAI-1 of choledochal bile were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in patients with cholangitis due to acalculous bile duct obstructions (n = 9), choledocholithiasis with cholangitis (n = 20), and normal bile (n = 7). The t-PA concentration of choledochal bile was no different among the three groups (acalculous-infected bile, median 4.61 ng/ml, and calculous-infected bile, 4.61 ng/ml, versus normal bile, 7.33 ng/ml). PAI-1 was detected in choledochal bile in significantly greater concentrations in patients with acalculous cholangitis due to bile duct obstructions and choledocholithiasis with cholangitis (acalculous-infected bile, median 0.36 ng/ml, and calculous-infected bile, 0.1 ng/ml, versus normal bile, 0.02 ng/ml, p < 0.05), but the bile concentration of PAI-1 was no different between the acalculous and calculous-infected choledochal bile. Human choledochal bile possesses t-PA and PAI-1. PAI-1 was present in greater concentrations in both acalculous and calculous-infected choledochal bile. Increased levels of PAI-1 may be an epiphenomenon of cholangitis rather than a factor in the pathogenesis of choledocholithiasis.
Aged ; Bile/microbiology ; Bile/chemistry* ; Cholangitis/microbiology ; Cholangitis/metabolism ; Cholangitis/etiology ; Cholangitis/chemically induced ; Cholestasis/metabolism ; Cholestasis/complications ; Common Bile Duct/metabolism* ; Common Bile Duct Calculi/metabolism ; Common Bile Duct Calculi/complications ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/analysis* ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator/analysis*

Pancreatic lipomatosis is characterized by fatty infiltration or replacement of the pancreas, and has been associated with many conditions. We recently experienced two cases of pancreatic lipomatosis in patients with pancreatic pseudocyst and a case of lipomatosis in diabetes mellitus. In these patients, abrupt obstruction of the main pancreatic duct with smooth tapering is a typical endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) finding of pancreatic lipomatosis and must be differentiated with pancreatic carcinoma.
Adult ; Case Report ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Female ; Human ; Lipomatosis/diagnosis* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pancreatic Diseases/diagnosis* ; Pancreatic Ducts/pathology