PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influencing factors on externalized and internalized problem behaviors among high school students. METHODS: The subjects for this study were 707 students in two high schools in K province. The data were collected during the period from October to November, 2014 by use of questionnaires. The instruments used were the Korean Youth Self-report, Daily Hassles Questionnaire, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and Ego Resiliency Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Significant predictors to explain externalized problem behaviors comprised anger-out, anger-in, anger-control, relation with parents, daily stress, and religion. It was found that these factors explained 46% of externalized problem behavior. Ego resiliency, anger-in, daily stress, gender, relation with parent, and anger-out were significant predictors to explain internalized problem behaviors. It was found that these factors explained 45% of internalized problem behaviors. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the influencing factors on problem behaviors differ from externalized and internalized problem behaviors. So these findings will provide the basic data to develop a program that is differentiated by problem behavior type.
Adolescent* ; Anger ; Ego ; Humans ; Parents ; Problem Behavior* ; Stress, Psychological

An accurate preoperative evaluation of lymph nodes(LNs) in gastric cancer is a prerequisite for successful surgery and favorable prognosis. We retrospectively analyzed the Ct accuracy in perigastric LN localization and LN staging of gastric cancer as well as the size criteria for the metastasized LN in 64 patients who hed undergone a surgery for gastric cancer. The results of perigastric LNs evaluation by CT are as follows; sensitivity 67%(64/95), specificity 90%(839/929), accuracy 88%(903/1024). Of 95 pathologically metastasized LN groups, 66 could be retrospectively identified on Ct scans(69%). In LN staging, CT was correct in 60%(38/64), overstaged in 32%(21/64), and understaged in 8%(5/64). The perigastric LN groups which were easily localized on CT were #3, 7, 8, and 13. The mean size of metastasized LNs on CT according to the I.N group was #3 (13mm), #4(9mm), #6 (10mm), #7(10.5mm), #8 (10mm), #9 (11mm), #13 (9mm).
Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stomach Neoplasms*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relation of the location and cell type of lung cancer to the location and degree in coexistent emphysema on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight of 209 lung cancer patients having HRCT scans were retrospectively analyzed to assess the total lung emphysema and peritumoral regional emphysema. Single and primary lung cancers were included. The clinical data, including sex, age, smoking history and the pathologic cancer subtype, were recorded to correlate with the HRCT findings. The lobar distribution, central-peripheral predominance, surrounding parenchymal abnormality for cancer, cephalocaudal predominance, and subtype for emphysema were analyzed on HRCT. Using a CT scoring method, we scored the whole lung emphysema and peritumoral emphysema, and correlated the grading of emphysema with pulmonary functional values. RESULTS: Sixty-nine of 98 patients with lung cancer (71%) had emphysema. Lung cancer with emphysema was significantly higher in men than in women, and was significantly related to smoking. The mean age of cancer patients without emphysema was significantly lower than that of cancer patients with emphysema (68 yrs vs. 61 yrs, p=0.0006). Emphysema of grade I (0-25%) was found in 52 cases, grade II (25-50%) in 15, and grade III (50-75%) in 2. Total emphysema score was paralleled to peritumoral emphysema score in 64.3%, while the remaining patients had a higher peritumoral emphysema score (grade II or III) than total emphysema score (grade 0 or I). There was no statistical correlation in the developmental location between the emphysema and the lung cancer (significant correlation was only noted in grade II group of total emphysema score). The incidence of non-small cell carcinoma tended to be higher than that of small cell carcinoma in the two groups. CONCLUSION: The possibility of lung cancer in patients with pulmonary nodule, coexisting emphysema, and especially in elderly patients having a history of smoking must be clarified on HRCT. The location or type of lung cancer was not significantly correlated to the location or the degree of coexistent emphysema.
Aged ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Emphysema* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Male ; Pulmonary Emphysema ; Research Design ; Retrospective Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermic effects, the macronutrient oxidation rates and the satiety of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). METHODS: The thermic effects of two meals containing MCT or long-chain triglycerides (LCT) were compared in ten healthy men (mean age 24.4 +/- 2.9 years). Energy content of the meal was 30% of resting metabolic rate of each subject. Metabolic rate and macronutrient oxidation rate were measured before the meals and for 6 hours after the meals by indirect calorimetry. Satiety was estimated by using visual analogue scales (VAS) at 8 times (before the meal and for 6 hours after meal). RESULTS: Total thermic effect of MCT meal (42.8 kcal, 8.0% of energy intake) was significantly higher than that (26.8 kcal, 5.1% of energy intake) of the LCT meal. Mean postprandial oxygen consumption was also significantly different between the two types of meals (MCT meal: 0.29 +/- 0.35 L/min, LCT meal: 0.28 +/- 0.27 L/min). There were no significant differences in total postprandial carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates between the two meals. However, from 30 to 120 minutes after consumption of meals, the fat oxidation rate of MCT meal was significantly higher than that of the LCT meal. Comparison of satiety values (hunger, fullness and appetite) between the two meals showed that MCT meal maintained satiety for a longer time than the LCT meal. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the possibility that long-term substitution of MCT for LCT would produce weight loss if energy intake remained constant.
Calorimetry, Indirect ; Energy Intake ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Oxygen Consumption ; Triglycerides* ; Weight Loss ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Empyema, Subdural* ; Haemophilus influenzae* ; Haemophilus* ; Meningitis*

Livedo vasculitis is thought to be a thrombogenic disorder that is related to the autoimmune disease. It clinically shows purplish mottling and recurrent painful ulcers in the lower extremities, leaving atrophie blanche after healing of the ulcers. Histopathologic finding are thrombotic occlusion in the mid-dermal vessels without necrotizing vasculitis. The therapeutic approach has largely been made by the use of drugs that stimulate endogenous fibrinolytic activitiy, that inhibit thrombus formation, or that cause vasodilation, but surgical intervention by excision and skin graftion has rarely been reported as a primary treatment.In our experience, two patients with livedo vasculitis, who had been unresponsive to various medications, were treated with wide excision and several times of skin grafting. And they experienced complete healing without recurrence.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Recurrence ; Skin ; Skin Transplantation ; Thrombosis ; Ulcer ; Vasculitis* ; Vasodilation

BACKGROUND: The perception of sleep time in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is not well understood, some studies have reported that subjects with OSA have abnormal sleep perception. We hypothesized that the severity of OSA would affect the sleep perception of patients with OSA and investigated the associated factors that affect the sleep perception in OSA. METHODS: Four hundred and sixty eight subjects with OSA were included in present study. Subjects with OSA were divided, depending upon their sleep perception. The first group included individuals who underestimated their time spent sleeping, the second group included those who did not underestimate their sleep time. The underestimation of sleep time is defined as the perceived total sleep time being less than 80% of that measured in polysomnography (PSG). All participants were analyzed their demographics, PSG parameter and questionnaires such as Beck Depression Inventory, Epworth Sleepiness Scale. RESULTS: Of 468 participants, 179 (38.2%) subjects were included in the group that underestimating sleep. Gender (female, odds ratio [OR]=2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.25–3.22), depression (OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.03–2.97) and proportion of slow wave sleep (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96–0.99) were related to the underestimation of sleep. CONCLUSIONS: The underestimation of sleep in OSA is not directly related to OSA severity. Gender, psychiatric disorder, and sleep architecture are associated with the underestimating sleep in OSA.
Demography ; Depression ; Humans ; Odds Ratio ; Polysomnography ; Retrospective Studies ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive

BACKGROUND: Bronchial hbyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a key feature of asthma, and may precede the development of asthma. Genetically determined and acquired factors may contribute to development of BHR. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate expression of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine according to age, sex, smoking habit, and atopy in general population without bronchial asthma, a cross sectional study was performed. METHOD: A total of 1,190 general population who composed of 408 subjects with age less than 19 years (young age group), 621 subjects with age from 20 to 40 years (middle age group), and 161 subjects with age more than 41 years (old age group) were enrolled. Evaluations were made by a questionnaire, serum IgE level and skin prick test to common inhalant allergens, and methacholine bronchial provocation test (MBPT). Bronchial responsiveness were evaluated by positive rate of MBPT (PC,p-methacholine 4 25mg/ml), and slope of dose- response curve (slope, %fall of FEV, / log[last concentration of methacholine, mg/ml]). RESULT: Positive rate of MBPT was 11.0%, and slope (mean+SE) was 10.6+0.2 %/mg/ml. Postive rate of MBPT was more prevalent in the young age group than in middle and old age groups (19.6% vs. 6.6% vs. 6.2%, p<0.05), and slope was higher in young age group than in other groups (14.4+0.4 vs. 8.6+0.3 vs. 8.9+0.5 %/mg/ml, p<0.05). No significant differences in positive rate of MBPT and slope were noted according to sex in young and old age groups. However, in the middle age group, slope was higher in females than in males (9.5+0.4 vs. 7.9+ 0.3 %/mg/ml, p<0.05). No significant differences of slope was observed according to smoking habit in males of middle age group, but in males of old age group, the slope was higher in subjects with smoking habit than those without it (9.6+0.8 vs. 6.5+0.9 %/mg/ml, p<0.05). Significant relationship was observed between geometric value of serum IgE level and slope(r=0. 152, p=0.009). The postive rate of MBPT and slope were significantly higher in subjects with positive skin rea,ctivity to common inhalant allergens than those without it (14.3% vs. 8.6%, p ( 0.05; 11.8+0.4 vs. 9.8+0.3 %/mg/ml, p<0.05). The difference of bronchial responsiveness according to skin reactivity was observed in young and middle age groups, but not in old age group. CONCLUSION: Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine is significantly higher in children than in adults, in middle-aged females than in middle-aged males. Atopy and smoking may have a dif ferent role to determine the bronchial responsiveness depending upon age and sex.
Adult ; Allergens ; Asthma* ; Bronchial Provocation Tests ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Male ; Methacholine Chloride* ; Middle Aged ; Skin ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of microfractures generated within the footprint of the greater tuberosity (GT) on postoperative cuff healing following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent ARCR for full-thickness rotator cuff tear (FTRCT) between April 2020 and October 2023 at our institution. A total of 73 patients was categorized into two groups based on the presence of microfractures: a microfracture group (group M, n=33) and a non-microfracture group (group N, n=40). Six months post-surgery, magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess cuff healing and retear rates between the two groups. Furthermore, patients were stratified into retear and healing groups based on cuff integrity to analyze the factors influencing retear. Results: There was no significant difference in retear rates between groups M and N (18.2% vs. 10.0%, P=0.332). Among demographic factors, age showed a significant difference between the retear and healing groups (67.4±8.5 vs. 61.6±6.1, P=0.044). ML tear size (3.1±1.7 vs. 2.0±1.1, P=0.015), AP tear size (2.4±1.2 vs. 1.6±1.0, P=0.332), FI of the supraspinatus (2.3±1.3 vs. 1.4±1.0, P=0.029), and FI of the infraspinatus (1.6±1.3 vs. 0.9±0.8, P=0.015) exhibited significant differences between the retear and healing groups. Conclusions ARCR with concurrent microfracture of the GT footprint did not significantly impact cuff healing in patients with FTRCT. However, older age and larger ML tear size were associated with an increased risk of retear.Level of evidence: III.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of microfractures generated within the footprint of the greater tuberosity (GT) on postoperative cuff healing following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent ARCR for full-thickness rotator cuff tear (FTRCT) between April 2020 and October 2023 at our institution. A total of 73 patients was categorized into two groups based on the presence of microfractures: a microfracture group (group M, n=33) and a non-microfracture group (group N, n=40). Six months post-surgery, magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess cuff healing and retear rates between the two groups. Furthermore, patients were stratified into retear and healing groups based on cuff integrity to analyze the factors influencing retear. Results: There was no significant difference in retear rates between groups M and N (18.2% vs. 10.0%, P=0.332). Among demographic factors, age showed a significant difference between the retear and healing groups (67.4±8.5 vs. 61.6±6.1, P=0.044). ML tear size (3.1±1.7 vs. 2.0±1.1, P=0.015), AP tear size (2.4±1.2 vs. 1.6±1.0, P=0.332), FI of the supraspinatus (2.3±1.3 vs. 1.4±1.0, P=0.029), and FI of the infraspinatus (1.6±1.3 vs. 0.9±0.8, P=0.015) exhibited significant differences between the retear and healing groups. Conclusions ARCR with concurrent microfracture of the GT footprint did not significantly impact cuff healing in patients with FTRCT. However, older age and larger ML tear size were associated with an increased risk of retear.Level of evidence: III.