PURPOSE: This study explored and described the living spiritual experience and was attempted to gain an understanding of spirituality. This was done by eliciting participants' verbal descriptions of their experiences. METHOD: Data was obtained from in-depth interviews with one cancer patient, one pastor, and three missionaries after obtaining informed consent from each. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Sandelowski's evaluation criteria for qualitative research, such as reliability, suitability and auditability, were also used to establish reliability and validity of this study. RESULT: The five major theme clusters that designated the essence of the spiritual experience, "spiritual awareness," "interconnectedness," "love," "transcendent energy," "purpose and meaning in life," emerged from the analysis. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that spirituality was activated by awareness through introspection and interconnectedness with a Supreme Being. The interconnectedness with a Supreme Being played an important role in harmonious relationships with others and self. It also resulted in revealing the other beneticial attributes of spirituality. Love, the core concept of the interconnectedness, worked as a transcendent energy. Also, the ability to see beyond reality and resulted in finding meaning in life and accomplishing well being.
Humans ; Informed Consent ; Love ; Missions and Missionaries ; Qualitative Research ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spirituality*

The purpose of this study was to determine relationships between job satisfaction and burnout experience. The subjects were 225 nephrology nurses in Pusan, and Kyung Sang Namdo and Kyung Sang Bukdo. The data were collected from Nov. 20 to Dec. 3, 1996 using questionnaires method. Job satisfaction measured job satisfaction tool by Slavitt et al, and burnout experience measured burnout experience scale by Pines et al. The questionnaire consisted of question regarding job satisfaction scale(44 items 5 point scale) and burnout experience scale(21 items 7 point scale). The reliability of this instrument was that the hob satisfaction was Cronbach's alpha=0.8298 and the burnout experience was Cronbach's alpha=0.8960. The data were analyzed with the SPSS program using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. In the demosociographic characteristics showed the highest level was as follows : 26-30 years old group(40.2%), married(56.4%), graduated junior college of nursing(87.6%), non the religious(35.6%), the effect of religion upon life is not effected(35.6%). In the characteristics related to nursing profession showed the highest level was as follows : Hospital style is secondary hospital(that have above 450 beds) (53.3%), staff nurse(72.9%), the length of clinical experience at hemodialysis room is less than 2 years(39.1%), number of patient was assigned a nephrology nurses is 5(40.4%), work in two shift(55.6%), the nurses professional motivation is family recommended(33.8%), the nurses intention to stay is until for needed(58.2%), the chance for professional growth is not enough(44.9%), degree of satisfaction with nursing is moderate(43.2%). 2. The mean score of the total hob satisfaction is 3.06 of 5 point Likert-type scale. Task requirements(3.51) among the component factors of the job satisfaction was the highest value and then the interaction among fellow nurses(3.34), job prestige/status(3.33), autonomy(3.27), organizational requirement(2.55), and pay(2.39) was the lowest 3. The mean score of the total burnout experience is 3.20 of 7 point Likert-type scale. Physical exhaustion(3.36) among the component factors of the burnout experience was the highest value and then emotional exhaustion(3.20), and mental exhaustion(2.95) was the lowest. 4. Job satisfaction according to demosociographic characteristics of the subjects showed significant differences in the effect of religion upon one's life(F=3.268, p=0.013). Job satisfaction according to characteristics related to nursing profession of the subjects showed significant differences in the hospital type(F=3.479, p=0.033), position(F=3.165, p=0.044), number of patient was assigned a nephrology nurses(F=2.552, p=0.040), nurses intention to stay(F=7.153, p=0.001), the chance for professional nursing growth(F=3.735, p=0.006), the degree of satisfaction with nursing(F=12.680,p=0.000). Burnout experience according to characteristics related to nursing profession of the subjects showed significant differences in the position(F=3.247, p=0.041), number of patient was assigned nephrology nurses(F=4.220, p=0.003), shift(F=3.148, p=0.045), nurses intention to stay(F=9.911, p=0.000), the degree of satisfaction with nursing(F=13.234, p=0.000). 5. Job satisfaction and burnout experience was signigicant negative correlation(r=-.5466, p<.001).
Busan ; Humans ; Intention ; Job Satisfaction* ; Motivation ; Nephrology* ; Nursing ; Renal Dialysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Flow velocimetry waveforms of the uterine artery and subtrophoblastic blood flow were analyzed at normal early pregnancy, missed abortion and blighted ovum, by using transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography. Results show that a progressive fall in S/D ratio and RI with advancing in gestation. Among the three groups, the S/D ratio and RI of both uterine arteries were not a significant difference in all gestational age. Characteristic subtrophoblastic blood flows were obtained in 60.3%, 47.2% and 53.3% of normal pregnancy, missed abortion and blighted ovum, respectively. The S/D ratio and RI of subtrophoblastic blood flow were not a significant difference among the three groups. Although the number of cases studied is small and not prospective study, the further study about this will give us some understanding to the pathophysiology of early pregnancy failure.
Abortion, Missed ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Ovum ; Pregnancy ; Rheology ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color ; Uterine Artery

No abstract available.
Drug Therapy*

This study was made to identify compliance in self-medication, and factors influencing the self-medication of pulmonary TB patients. Self-medication of pulmonary TB patients is a very important factor for the cure of the patients. In this study, variables were used from three theories of health behavior. These were the Health Belief Model, Health Locus of Control, Theory of Planned Behavior. These were included to examine their effect on self-medication. Data were collected during the period from July 1 to August 20, 1994 using a structured questionnaire. And they were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Regression analysis using the SAS program. The result were as follows : 1. The mean on the self-medication scores ranging from 6.0 to 12.0 was 10.93. The mean for the self-evaluation scores of the self-medication ranging from 50.0 to 100.0 was 86.51. 2. There were significant associations between the scores on self-medication and age(F=2.34, p=0.033), and method of treatment(F=4.65, P=0.018). And there were significant associations between the self-evaluation scores of self-medication and age (F=3.79, P=0.000), and presence of TB patients among family(F=4.92, P=0.000). 3. (a) The relationship between the scores on self-medication and perceived barrier in health belief revealed a significant correlation(r=-.2046, p=0.0082). (b) The relationship between the scores on self-medication and other-dependency in LOC revealed a significant correlation(r=0.2322, p=0.0018). (c) The relationship between the self-evaluation score of self-medication and other-dependency in LOC revealed a significant correlation(r=0.1946, p=0.0122). (d) The relationship between the attitude in self-medication of the subjects and the self-evaluation score of self-medication revealed a significant correlation(r=0.2102, p=0.0066). 4. (a) 14.8% of the score of compliance in self-medication of the subjects was explained by five variables : Behavioral Intention, Duration of Treatment, Age, Perceived Sensitivity and Perceived Sensitivity and Perceived Barrier. (b) 8.7% of the score of self-evaluation of self-medication was explained by three variables : Perceived Control, Perceived Sensitivity, and Age. In conclusion : This study provides insights and information which may be valuable for motivation and instruction to improve compliance in self-medication among pulmonary TB patients.
Compliance* ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Intention ; Internal-External Control ; Motivation ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus related to the use of propofol have been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the growth of S. aureus in propofol, thiopental, midazolam and ketamine. METHODS: These intravenous anesthetics were inoculated with S. aureus and they were plated onto blood agar at 0, 3, 6, 21, 24 and 27 hrs. The number of colony forming units (CFU) on the plate was counted after 24 hours of incubation. RESULTS: Samples from ketamine and midazolam showed no CFU at the 3 hr and thereafter. The 21hr, thiopental exhibited no CFU. The inoculated propofol emulsion showed a significant increase in number of CFU at the 21, 24 and 27hr compared with the zero time (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study shown that propofol was the only anesthetic that provided a medium for the growth of S. aureus. Therefore when handling propofol, meticulous sterile technique is advised.
Agar ; Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Intravenous* ; Humans ; Ketamine ; Midazolam ; Propofol ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus* ; Stem Cells ; Thiopental

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the level of disease related knowledge, compliance of health behavior, and educational needs in relation to time (at discharge and 6 months after discharge) among patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Data were collected from January 1, 2006 to September 30, 2006 and a total of 60 patients participated in the study. The survey was conducted in patients underwent PCI at the time of discharge right after discharge education was provided and at a follow up visit which was 6 months after discharge. RESULTS: The level of disease related knowledge (p<.001), the compliance of health behavior (p<.001), educational need (p=.496), the sub-item of sexual life (p<.001), follow up (p<.001), diet (p=.021), stress (p<.001) in compliance of health behavior, and the sub-item of specific character of disease in educational needs (p=.015) were significantly different between discharge and 6 months after discharge. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that further education should be provided to the patients underwent PCI regarding medication, smoking cessation, daily life and exercise at a time of 6 months after discharge in order to increase patient compliance of health behavior.
Compliance ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Diet ; Follow-Up Studies ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Patient Compliance ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Smoking Cessation

PURPOSE: This study attempted as investigations of nurse's knowledge and attitudes on organ donation in brain death, to find the method solving of the problems. METHODS: A survey questionnaire was used and received responses from nurses (n=180) of university hospital and general hospital in B city. The data were analyzed using SPSS/PC program on real numbers, percentage, frequency, mean, standard deviation and t-test. RESULTS: Organs invaded by cancer cell or infected by microorganism are not able to donate' obtained to highest score (94.9%) in knowledge measurement on organ donation in brain death. According to nurse's knowledge and positive attitudes, there were statistical differences in ''Knowing the Korean government permit the organ transplantation from brain death donors' (P=0.014), and ''Best organs to donate are aged 20 years of young people in brain dead state from head injury' (P=0.005). There was statistical difference between knowledge and negative attitude in 'Unknowing the Korean government permit the organ transplantation from brain death donors' (P=0.050). CONCLUSIONS: This study might help the nurses who are concerning organ sharing and make effective interventions and educations to facilitate the decision making process for organ donation in brain dead donors or families.
Brain Death* ; Brain* ; Decision Making ; Head ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Organ Transplantation ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tissue and Organ Procurement* ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to obtain a clearer understanding of spirituality and examine the process of spirituality through defining the meaning and attributes of spirituality. METHOD: Concept analysis was done in the three phases, theoretical phase, fieldwork phase, and analytical phase suggested in the Hybrid Model. Five people participated in the fieldwork phase. RESULTS: Spirituality is activated through self-awareness which occurs as spirit being activated through self-introspection, and through restoration of the relationship with Supreme Being. This interconnectedness with Supreme Being has an absolute impact on one's harmonious interconnectedness with self and neighbors, thus leads all the critical attributes of spirituality to be revealed. The core energy of this harmonious interconnectedness is love. When activated, it has a great impact on an individual as integrative energy, leads one to go beyond everyday experience as well as to have new perspectives, and to live a satisfactory life in every aspect. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that promotion of connectedness is the most important element in spiritual nursing interventions. The results can also be used effectively in developing spirituality assessment scales and theory.
*Spirituality ; *Models, Psychological ; *Mind-Body Relations (Metaphysics) ; Korea ; Humans

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of menopausal adaptation and Sanhujori (Korean traditional postnatal care) on the Health-related quality of life in middle-aged women. METHODS: Women aged from 45 to 60 completed questionnaires consisting of SF-36 ver. 2 and menopausal adaptation scale between July to Aug, 2013. Two hundred and eighteen participants' data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression. RESULTS: Physical health (69.5+/-15.1) was better than mental health (68.8+/-17.1), and bodily pain and social functioning were the same results as 2009 general U.S. population, with the sub-variables of quality of life being lower. Menopausal adaptation was at moderate level, and correlation of its sub-variables with quality of life were significant: fatigue (r=.60, p<.001), accomplishing feeling (r=.55, p<.001), confidence (r=.54, p<.001), dryness (r=.51, p<.001), flush (r=.38, p<.001), dominance (r=-.36, p<.001), stability (r=.26, p<.001). Fatigue, confidence, stability, period of sanhujori, and dryness revealed as influencing quality of life, while the total variation explained by these components was at 52%. CONCLUSION: To improve quality of life of middle aged women, health care providers need to provide nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and dryness; and address psychosocial concerns with developing nursing strategies to improve stability and confidence. For post-partum women, enough periods of sanhujori needs to be recommended.
Fatigue ; Female ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Menopause ; Mental Health ; Middle Aged ; Nursing ; Postnatal Care ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires