Limb lengthening with any kind of lengthening apparatus is accepted as a standard method to correct leg length discrepancy. And furthermore, the deformity accompanying shortening is corrected by multifocal lengthener. twenty two patients have undergone lower limb reconstruction by the technique of unilateral bone transport for diaphyseal bone defect, nonunion or deformity in the presence of shortening from May 1990 to August 1993 in Wilson Leprosy Center & Rehabilitation Hospital. All Patients had bifocal procedure using bifocal monofixator(Orthofix) and bone defects were graduaily filled by bone transport. Average healing index(days/cm)was 61. Average bone defect was 7,4cm, and average transported length was 5.4cm. In conclusion, the unilateral bone transport system using bifocal monofixator has satisfactory outcome, and salvaged limbs where amputation has been previously the only option.
Amputation ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Extremities ; Humans ; Leg ; Leprosy ; Lower Extremity ; Methods ; Rehabilitation

The hip joint subluxation and dislocation due to poliomyelitis worsen the limping and caused the painful hip. Shelf procedure has been described as a safe, conservative and reliable approach to the of a dysplastic acetabulum. We performed shelf procedure for the dysplastic hip in poliomyelitis in thirteen patients since May, 1990. The age at operation was 21 to 38 years old and three of them were male and ten were female. All the patients were followed up for average 2.5 years(1-4. 5yrs). The hip joints showed better stability after shel'f procedure and less limping. There was no complication except one redislocation.
Acetabulum ; Dislocations ; Female ; Hip Joint ; Hip ; Humans ; Male ; Poliomyelitis

No abstract available.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta* ; Osteogenesis*

Otologic complaints, including otalgia, tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss, are known to be related to temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). There have been several hypotheses regarding the clinical correlation between otologic complaints and TMDs, based on clinical phenomena with corresponding symptoms, the close neurological relationship between otic and masticatory structures, and anatomical features of the tympanic cavity and jaw joint. Function of the tensor tympani muscle seems to be crucial to understanding TMD-related otologic symptoms. The tensor tympani inserts into the handle of the malleus and it modulates sound transduction in situations of excessive noise. This muscle is innervated by the trigeminal nerve, like the masticatory muscles. Voluntary eardrum movement by pathological tensor tympani contraction results in various otologic symptoms. Thus, co-contraction of the tensor tympani with the masticatory muscle could be a possible cause of TMD-related otologic symptoms. The tensor tympani is rather unrelated to the acoustic reflex, in which the stapedius is strongly involved. The tensor tympani seem to be controlled by proprioceptive information from the trigeminal sensory nucleus. The peripheral innervation pattern of the tensor tympani and masticatory muscles is also supposed to be interconnected. The middle ear structure, including the malleus, incus, and tensor tympani, of mammals had been adapted for acoustic function and lacks the masticatory role seen in non-mammalian jawed vertebrates. The tensor tympani in non-mammals is one of the masticatory muscles and plays a role in the modulation of sound transduction and mastication. After the functional differentiation of the mammalian middle ear, the nervous connection of the tensor tympani with other masticatory apparatus still remains. Through this oto-stomatognathic vestige, the tensor tympani seems to contract unnecessarily in some pathological conditions of the TMD in which the masticatory muscles contract excessively. We hypothesized that the phylogenic relationship between the tensor tympani and masticatory apparatus is a significant and logical reason for TMD-related otologic complaints.
Acoustics ; Ear, Middle ; Earache ; Hearing Loss ; Incus ; Jaw* ; Joints ; Logic ; Malleus ; Mammals ; Mastication ; Masticatory Muscles ; Noise ; Reflex, Acoustic ; Stapedius ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders ; Tensor Tympani* ; Tinnitus ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Tympanic Membrane ; Vertebrates ; Vertigo

No abstract available.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Dentistry ; Radiography, Panoramic

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on new bone formation and angiogenesis after 8 weeks of healing. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats (n=28) were split into 2 groups according to the application of adjunctive HBO therapy: a group that received HBO therapy (HBO group [n=14]) and another group that did not receive HBO therapy (NHBO group [n=14]). Each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to the type of bone graft material: a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) subgroup and an Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2-/epigallocatechin-3-gallate-coated BCP (mBCP) subgroup. Two identical circular defects with a 6-mm diameter were made in the right and left parietal bones of each rat. One defect was grafted with bone graft material (BCP or mBCP). The other defect was not grafted. The HBO group received 2 weeks of adjunctive HBO therapy (1 hour, 5 times a week). The rats were euthanized 8 weeks after surgery. The specimens were prepared for histologic analysis. RESULTS: New bone (%) was higher in the NHBO-mBCP group than in the NHBO-BCP and control groups (P<0.05). Blood vessel count (%) and vascular endothelial growth factor staining (%) were higher in the HBO-mBCP group than in the NHBO-mBCP group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HBO therapy did not have a positive influence on bone formation irrespective of the type of bone graft material applied after 8 weeks of healing. HBO therapy had a positive effect on angiogenic activity.
Animals ; Blood Vessels ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Bone Substitutes ; Calcium ; Escherichia ; Humans ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation ; Osteogenesis ; Oxygen ; Parietal Bone ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transplants ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

The aims of this study were to clarify the topography and variations stylopharyngeus (STP) and superior constrictor (SC) muscles, and to examine what role they play in the pharyngeal movement. Forty-four specimens (22 right and 22 left sides) from embalmed Korean adult cadavers (13 males, 9 females; age range, 46–89 years; mean age, 69.2 years) were used in this study. The accessory bundle of STP and petropharyngeus was found in 18.2% (8/44) and 25.0% (11/44) of cases, respectively. A variation of the STP, in which it ran transversely and merged with the SC muscle, was found in 2.3% (1/44) of cases while a variation of the SC muscle, in which it ran longitudinally and merged with the contralateral constrictors, was found in 11.4% (5/44). The variant muscle bundles play their own role in pharyngeal movement according to their morphology. These results provide information that will help a comprehensive understanding of the effects of pharyngeal muscles on movement.

In reconstructing a defect of the mandible after removing tumor of an oral cavity or facial region, various musculocutaneous flaps are used. Among those, SCM musculocutaneous flaps are clinically frequently used due to its near donor site and it can be done without an additional operation. Because the SCM muscle is supplied by many vessels of the external carotid artery and subclavian artery, it is essential to the figure out its distribution to the SCM muscle, clavicle and the skin before making an osseomusculocutaneous flap including the clavicle. Especially, understanding the distribution status of the origin of superior thyroid artery and SCM branch is very important in making a SCM musculocutaneous flap including the clavicle and deciding the rotation arc of the musculocutaneous flap. The authors have dissected SCM muscles and arteries distributed to the SCM muscle of 50 cadavers and found the following results. The average distance from the origin of superior thyroid artery to SCM branch entering to SCM muscle was 30.1 mm (16.0 ~37.7 mm), and some were to have 2 ~3 branches inserted simultaneously into the SCM muscle. The average distance from the origin of superior thyroid artery to clavicular head of SCM muscle was 87.6 mm (57.7 ~123.8 mm), and to sternal head of SCM muscle was 131.2 mm(99.7 ~166.8 mm). After the SCM branch of superior thyroid artery distributed to the SCM muscle, the bifurcation point into clavicular branch and sternal branch is located at an average 58.8 mm(28.4 ~130.4 mm) above the clavicle. All of the nutrition artery distributed to the clavicle were branches of the thoracoacromial artery, and the SCM branch of superior thyroid artery distributed throughout the SCM muscle and downwards to the periosteal artery of the clavicle. The pattern of the superior thyroid artery was divided into 6 types. Among the branches of superior thyroid artery such as laryngeal, SCM and thyroid branch, The type I (36%) that the laryngeal branch arised first was most common. Next, the incidence of type II that all three branches arised at one point was 16%. In addition, the incidence of the case that SCM branch arised directly from the external carotid artery was 26%. In conclusion, because the origin of superior thyroid artery from the external carotid artery is located relatively close to the mandible above the neck, the length of SCM musculocutaneous flap including the SCM branch of superior thyroid artery is sufficient to reconstructing the mandible and the SCM osseomusculocutaneous flap including the clavicle is useful in reconstruction of the mandible.
Arteries* ; Cadaver ; Carotid Artery, External ; Clavicle ; Head ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mandible ; Mouth ; Muscles ; Myocutaneous Flap ; Neck ; Skin ; Subclavian Artery ; Thyroid Gland ; Tissue Donors

Illustrations in almost all textbooks and atlases of anatomy normally show that the zygomatic arch (ZA) and coronoid process (CP) of the mandible overlap vertically. Their topographic relationship is important for plastic surgeons in various situations, such as restorations of ZA fractures. The present study investigated the topographic relationship between the ZA and CP of the mandible in three-dimensional models of Korean human cadavers. The topographic relationship was classified into three types: overlapped, tangential, and separate. The overlapped type was the most common, but the three types showed similar incidences in three-dimensional models. There were no lateral or sex differences according to the three types. The incidence of both sides showing the same type was 70.1%. In conclusion, the predominance of illustrations in almost all textbooks and atlases showing the overlapped type is misleading, since the other two types - where the CP of the mandible does not overlap the ZA - are almost as common.
Cadaver ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mandible ; Sex Characteristics ; Zygoma

The human head form has always been one of the main interests of the visual art and its artistic representation has been different from era to era, place to place, and individual artist to artist. The proportion of the head and face used by artists is different from the actual proportion in that it was developed to represent the ideal form. Though anthropometry is useful method to establish standards, the data of anthropometry are too complex and detailed to be directly applied to the field of art. This study was performed to present the anthropometry -based standard Korean face which can be utilized in visual arts. Fourteen hundred Korean profiles (630 males and 770 females) were investigated. Ten anthropometrical landmarks were selected and the distance between these points was measured. Nine indexes were developed from these measurements. Actual size of the face was measured for 2 categories, and photographs of face was used for 10 categories including 2 non -metric traits were determined. All measured values were significantly greater in males. Lower face -upper lip index and middle face -ear index were greater in male, however ear index was greater in female. Though the sexual difference in those indexes were statistically significant, when visualized on the canvas, it cannot be distinguished male from female based on those indexes. In individual facial profile, the alare was situated in front of the line which connecting the glabella and the cheilion in 40% and 70% of male and female, respectively. The cheilion was situated in front of that line in two third of both male and female. A cheek covered the alare in 62% of female, much higher percentage compared to the 27% in male. Generally cheek of older individual had more tendency to cover the alare. Data of this study showed difference from those of the Caucasian in all 9 indexes. Especially total head height -length index and middle face -lower face index were strikingly different and can be characteristic features worth considering when visualizing Korean. The representation of Korean face has been subject to the image that the artist himself had perceived. The proportion of the profile of Korean face may be used as an important reference for artists.
Anthropometry ; Cheek ; Ear ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Lip ; Male