Development of supervoltage treatment machine may minimize skin reaction by skin-sparing effect, but skin damage is still one of “the dose limiting factor” in radiation therapy. In spite of these importance, systemic histopathologic studies of skin in similar conditions which used in clinical treatment has not been performed so far. 60 mice were irradiated with conventional fraction (200x5/wk) and whole abdominal field (2x3 cm, from symphysis pubis to xyphoid process). Used machine was 250 KV, 24 mA. orthovoltage x-ray machine. Histopathological changes of acute skin reaction at the level of total irradiation dose were analyzed and possible mechanism of later chronic changes were investigated. Obtained results are as follows 1. In 1,000 rad irradiated group, only mild epidermal edema is noted. 2. In 2,000 rad irradiated group, slightly decreased number and size of hair follicles and appendages, dermal edema and scanty infiltration of inflammatory cells are visible. 3. In 3,000 rad irradiated group, marked increased capillary congestion and prominent infiltration of inflammatory cells are observed. 4. In 4,000 rad irradiated group, vascular wall thickening with proliferation of endothelial cells are prominent. Dermal thinning and hyalinization are newly developed. 5. In 5,000 rad irradiated group, complete desquamation of epidermis is not seen, despite of acceleration of all above mentioned changes.
Acceleration ; Animals ; Capillaries ; Edema ; Endothelial Cells ; Epidermis ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Hair Follicle ; Hyalin ; Mice* ; Pubic Bone ; Skin*

This study was due to investigate the dietary intakes, serum lipids and other hematological indices in female adolescent smokers. The subjects were 85 smokers, whose average pack-year(smoking years on the basis of one pack of cigarettes per day) was 1.26 and 87 nonsmokers who were female high school students in Seoul. An anthropometric measreument was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and food habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided. Nutritional analysis program for professional(CAN-pro). Serum TG, HDL-cholesterol and total-cholesterol levels were measured with test kits. Serum glucose, albumin, GOT and GPT were measured by automated dry chemistry system, SPOTCHEM 4410. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC and MCV were determined by Semi Automated Microcell Counter(F-520). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was no significant difference in the anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. The caloric intake in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers but the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in biochemical indices. Analysis of serum lipids showed that the serum levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of nonsmokers were unexpectedly significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of smokers. Overall results indicate that smoking itself with short pack-year in healthy female adolescent did not seem to influence apparent health and nutritional status.
Adipose Tissue ; Adolescent* ; Blood Glucose ; Chemistry ; Electric Impedance ; Energy Intake ; Female* ; Food Habits ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Products ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Humans ; Urinary Retention*

The purpose of this study is to analyze the type of ego states and stress coping style on female college students who are in the course of nursing study. This study is performed in the view of Transactional Analysis and designed to scrutinize descriptive correlations between the type of ego states and stress coping style. The subject is consists of 144 freshmen and sophomore, 138 junior and senior students group, who are students of K nursing college located in Seoul. The sampling investigation period is on Sept. 14, 2002 to Oct. 26, 2002. The measuring instrument used for Transactional Analysis ego state is 50 items Ego-gram research paper devised by Dusay(1997). For studying coping stlye, Folkman & Lazarus's measurement(1984) was adopted, which is translated and modified by Han, and Oh,(1990). Statistic average and standard deviation were generated by using SPSS PC+, t-test and Pearson correlation. The results were as follows: 1) In the type of ego states on both groups(lower group : freshmen, sophomore upper group : junior, senior) indicated the arithmetic apex NP(maximum value), then the point A was high and the data made a down slope to point AC. In the comparison to type of ego states between two groups, only at point CP, the data value of upper year students represented higher than that of lower year ones by C(t=2.28, p= .023). In the psychological energy level of ego states, both groups indicated average level.2) Stress coping style of whole students were highly and affirmatively dedicated to research. Consecutive consequences follow like this(high to low) : the central point of problem, search for social support, hopeful aspect and indifference. Especially hopeful aspect(t= .67, p= .05), relaxation of tension(t=-2.16, p= .03) made significant difference each other in the view of arithmetic calculation 3) While verifying coping style in terms of ego states level between lower and upper students group, In type CP, high level ego states group indicated significant difference on stress coping style area than low leveled group and made such sequences as the central point of problem, hopeful aspect, search for social support, positive interest and relaxation of tension. In type NP, sequences such as the central point of problem, search for social support, positive interest and relaxation of tension were emerged with little differences. In type A, the central point of problem, positive interest and relaxation of tension. In type FC, hopeful aspect, search for social support, positive interest and relaxation of tension. In type AC, hopeful aspect and indifference were derived significantly different(p< .05). 4) In the aspect of relation between ego states and coping style, type CP presented the central point of problem and relaxation of tension, type NP presented positive interest, search for social support and the central point of problem, type A showed the central point of problem, positive interest and relaxation of tension, type FC showed relaxation of tension, positive interest, search for social support, indifference and the central point of problem, type AC showed hopeful aspect, indifference and the central point of problem. All the sequence shown above had high-to-low procedure and represented static relations each other(p< .05).
Ego* ; Female ; Hope ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Relaxation ; Seoul ; Students, Nursing* ; Transactional Analysis

PUPPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the psychological aspects of experiences of men living in a homeless shelter in Seoul. This study focused on understanding about the life of the homeless in the shelter by Phenomenological method. METHOD: The participants in this study were seven men who are living in a homeless shelter in Seoul. The following data were collected though the in-depth interviews and analyzed by the Phenomenological analytic method of Giorgi. RESULT: There are five focal significances about the life of the homeless. (1) Unplanned Life : Difficult life comes from outside situation, Freedom, The acceptance of unconsciousness life, Laziness, Unreliability, The dissolute life, No purpose to life, Relying on drinking, (2) Self-rationalization : Feeling of defeat, Give up, Desire for a support system, Lack of willingness, Anxiety, Chivalry, Falsehoods, (3) Superficial Interpersonal Relationships : Ignorance, Pressure, Discord, Hiding from one anther, avoidance. (4) A sense of devestation : Negative perspective, Mental weakness, Difficulties in employment, ambivalance with social structure, The place to escape, Complaining against the opposite sex, Sense of regret, Lack of relationship with family, The lack of self-confidence, Loss of volition (5) The Hope of new life : Realization, Desire for change, Dreaming of married life, Dependence in God CONCLUSION: The conclusion of this study shows that the men in the shelter had various psychological reasons for being in the homeless shelter. Further studies need to be done to validate this information and formulate ways to assist these men with their psychological needs.
Anxiety ; Drinking ; Employment ; Freedom ; Hope ; Humans ; Life Change Events* ; Male ; Seoul ; Unconsciousness ; United Nations ; Volition

No abstract available.
Animals ; Germinal Center* ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mice*

"Frailty" in geriatrics is thought to encompass a variety of phenotypes not fully explained by current definitions of disease or disability. In Korea, "frail" has been translated using various meanings and terminologies, for example, weakness, senescence, vulnerable, requiring care, and functional impairment. However, none of these expressions alone fully represents the frailty that we understand as the geriatric syndrome. Further, among the Asian countries that use Chinese characters in their language, different characters are used to express fraility; and again, none of these expressions fully represents frailty. This may suggest some linguistic differences between Asian and Western countries.
Aging ; Asia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Geriatrics ; Humans ; Korea ; Linguistics ; Phenotype

Background/Aims: Frailty is mainly due to an age-related decrease in the physiological reserves needed to maintain biological homeostasis, but it can also occur as a result of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify illnesses associated with frailty in Korean community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included 2,936 older adults aged between 70 and 84 years who had completed both interviews and physical function assessments for the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Current illnesses diagnosed by physicians were included in the analysis. The definition of frailty was derived from the Fried frailty phenotype. Results: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), arthritis, osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, and lung disease (including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic bronchitis) was higher in the frail group (p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, education, and presence of a spouse, the odds ratios for DM and urinary incontinence in frailty were 1.51 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 2.01; p = 0.01) and 1.88 (95% CI, 1.11 to 3.18; p = 0.02). Conclusions In Korean community-dwelling older adults, DM and urinary incontinence were associated with frailty after adjusting for various factors. In the future, the list of comorbid diseases that are appropriate for Korean population- specific frailty assessment should be inventoried.

No abstract available.
Busan* ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized* ; Child, Preschool* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Humans

Poor R-Wave Progression(PRWP) of precordial leads is frequently encountered electrocardiographic findings of uncertain significance and has simply been deemed as suggestion of anterior myocardial infarction without concrete ground. 217 cases with poor R-Wave Progression have been analyzed on clinical records and results are as follows. 1) PRWP was most frequently found in fifties and sixities, comprising 63.9% of the subjects. 2) Co-existent disease entities with PRWP were classified into three categories, cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung diseases and normal variants. 3) The cardiovascular diseases related with PRWP were mainly hypertensive diseases, comprising 59.8% of cardiovascular diseases, followed by ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies. 4) PRWP may be an early sign of acute myocardial infarction in a certain part of cases, which was endorsed by typical clinical symptoms and enzyme studies. 5) As the criterion of PRWP, V3R equal to or less than 3 mm was thought more adequate for higher specificity rather than 4 mm.
Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Lung Diseases ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Sensitivity and Specificity