The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy is unknown, but the systemic character of the IgA deposits (skin and glomerular capillaries), the presence of circulating IgG and IgA complexes and its similarity to Henoch-Schonlein purpura suggest that it is an immune-complex mediated disease. The nature and source of the antigen are unknown. Anatomically, the extremely vascular uvea offers a favorable site for the interplay of various components of immune reaction. We have experienced a 21-year old male who had a choroiditis and IgA nephropathy and had suffered the Henoch-Schonlein purpura when he was 16-years old. We performed the choroidal aspiration and scleral buckling, but steroid and other specific therapy were not given. In the course of follow-up check, the choroidal lesion and hematuria were progressively subsided. In conclusion, we report that the choroiditis is manifested as a part of immunecomplex mediated disease associated with IgA nephropathy.
Adolescent ; Choroid* ; Choroiditis* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA* ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Male ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch ; Scleral Buckling ; Uvea ; Young Adult

The study was conducted to assess sanitary concepts of employees and needs of HACCP-based sanitation training program for elementary school foodservice operations. Subjects consisted of 370 foodservice employees. Foodseervice employees' demographic characteristics were surveyed, and their food sanitation knowledge was tested. Food sanitation knowledge included 4 dimensions of foodborne disease & food microbiology; sanitary management in food product flows; personal hygiene management; and equipment & facility sanitation management. The data were analysed using the SPSS package for descriptive analysis, t-test and ANOVA test. The average sanitation knowledge score was 9.5 out of 15. The working periods of foodservice employees were singificantly(p<01) related to food sanitation knowledge dimensions. Correct answering rate of 4 sanitation management dimensions were 74.4% in foodborne disease & food microbiology; 536% in sanitary management in food product flows; 78.7% in personal hygiene management; and 50.5% in equipment & facility sanitation management. 6 items in 4 sanitation knowledge dimensions under mean score were identified. Those items were temperature danger zone, thawing method of frozen foods, cooking & holding temperature, proper sampling & storage methods, proper storing methods in refrigerator, and proper washing & sanitizing method for utensils. Identified 6 items were included in 12 critical control points developed for the elementary school generic HACCP plan, and should be emphasized in implementing HACCP-based sanitation training program.
Cooking ; Education* ; Food Microbiology ; Foodborne Diseases ; Frozen Foods ; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points* ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Sanitation*

This research was performed to evaluate the effects of nutrition education on food waste reduction at school food service. A dietitian conducted nutrition education on environmental protection and proper eating attitude and poor eating habits for 3rd and 5th graders at an elementary school in Seoul. The effectiveness of the education was evaluated by surveying the students before and after the education; 375 responses were analyzed. A questionnaire was designed to compare changes of the students' attitudes and plate waste before and after education. Plate wastes of boiled black rice(p<0.05), potato soup(p<0.05), amaranthus herb salad(p<0.01), and cabbage kimchi(p<0.05) decreased significantly after education. Students' eating attitudes improved significantly(t= -6.22, p<0.01) after nutrition education. Major reasons the students did not eat all foods they were served were large portion sizes (30.59%), low menu preference (29.79%), and tastes (17.82%). The menus with high plate waste rates were cooked vegetable items (35.64%) and soup items (26.6%). After education, students' attitudes on 'food waste pollutes the Earth(p=0.013)', 'food preparation for birthday parties(p<0.01)', and 'restaurant selection for eating out (p<0.01)' changed significantly. After education, plate waste and portion sizes that the students perceived were not negatively correlated. In conclusion, nutrition education on proper eating habits and source reduction is an effective method to reduce food waste generation and to improve students' eating attitudes and awareness on environment.
Amaranthus ; Brassica ; Natural Resources ; Eating ; Education* ; Food Services ; Humans ; Nutritionists ; Portion Size ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Solanum tuberosum ; Vegetables

Pattern-reversal retinal potentials(PRRP) are electrical signals generated within retina, possibly by the retinal ganglion cells, when a phase-alternating check board pattern is viewed. Authors clinically studied the characteristics of PRRP the mean amplitude and latency with 24 minute checks, the effect of the spatial frequency, the effect of defocusing and the retinocortical time in 20 normals, using Nicolet CA 1,000. The results are as follows; 1. The mean latency P1 and the mean P1-N2 amplitude of PRRP in normal group was 39.19 +/- 3.30(msec), 1.32 +/- 0.22(uV), respectively. 2. The mean retinocortical time in normal group was 52.93 +/- 7.39(msec). 3. The P1-N2 amplitude of PRRP was reduced linearly with increasing defocusing, and significant amplitude reduction was observed when defocusing amounted to +1D. 4. When central 3 degree of stimulus was covered in order to simulate a macular pathology, PRRP to 24 minute checks was abnormal both in amplitude and latency. 5. Peak response amplitude of PRRP was obtained with large checksizes(3 degrees 12 minutes, 6 degrees 24 minutes).
Pathology ; Retina ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; Retinaldehyde*

PURPOSE: The globe luxation is a rare phenomenon in which there is a forward displacement of the eye ball so that the eye lids spasmodically close behind it. In Korea, no case has been reported. The authors experienced a case of globe luxation by laceration of the conjunctiva with trauma. METHODS: The authors experienced a case of globe luxation in 64-year-old male who had crushed with infantile marry-go-round handle and complained proptosis and ocular pain. Ocular examination revealed best corrected visual acuity of right eye 0.1, IOP 44mmHg, conjunctival hyperemia and laceration, extraocular muscle limitation in all direction. Exophthalmometer shows right eye 23mm, left eye 19mm. Orbital CT yielded proptosis and globe luxation without avulsion of internal and external rectus muscle and optic nerve. RESULTS: After the lateral canthotomy, we successfully treated with the corticosteroid therapy without visual impairment or eyeball movement disorder. we report a case of globe luxation with the review of literature.
Conjunctiva ; Exophthalmos ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Korea ; Lacerations ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Movement Disorders ; Optic Nerve ; Orbit ; Vision Disorders ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to identify 3 to 5 years of future management issues in hospital information systems (HIS). METHODS: Two rounds of interview surveys were conducted based on the sample survey of 50 managers from 28 hospital information centers utilizing the Delphi method. RESULTS: From the survey, management issues in HIS were identified in the following order: 'top management support', 'close relationship with users', 'PACS', 'disaster recovery', improving IS strategic planning'. Compared with the 1999 survey, the issues that rank within the top 10 management issues were as follows: 'top management support', 'security and control', 'close relationship with users'. Recently surfaced issues are 'disaster recovery' and 'standardization'. The issues that dropped out of the top 10 ranks were 'network management', 'recruiting and developing IS human resource'which were very fundamental issues in the initial state of the introduction of the hospital information system. CONCLUSION: The two main significance of this study involves predicting future management issues based on the comparison of the current issues with the 1999 issues and recommendingmanagement strategies based on the classification of issues by importance and persistence.
Classification ; Hospital Information Systems* ; Humans ; Information Centers

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the difference in concentration of 0.53% betamethasone in aqueour humor after betamethasone subconjunctival injection on upper and lower fornix after cataract extraction. A total of 8 rabbits were used. Cataract extractions were performed with the cryoprobe. After 6 hours, 0.53% betamethasone was subconjunctivally in upper fornix of the left eye and injected in lower fornix of the right eye. The control group of 3 rabbits underwent with the same procedures but the without lens delivery. the concentration of 0.53% betamethasone in aqueous humor was measured with HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatograph) after fine needle aspiration of aqueous humor. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In 5 eyes of the control group in 3 rabbits, 0.53%betamethasone was injected subconjunctivally on the lower fornix. The mean concentration of 0.53% betamethasone in aqueous humor was 0.544 +/- 0.0818 microgram/ml. 2. After 0.53% betamethasone subconjunctival injection on upper fornix after lens extraction, the mean concentration of 0.53% betamethasone in aqueous humor was 0.318 +/- 0.0117 microgram/ml. 3. After 0.53% betamethasone subconjunctival injection on lower fornix agter lens extraction, the mean concentration of 0.53%betamethasone in aqueous humor was 0.702 +/- 0.0332 microgram/ml. 4. The mean concentration of the betamethasone in aqueous humor after 0.53% betamethasone subconjunctival injection on lower fornix after lens extraction was significantly higher than on upper fornix(p<0.05).
Aqueous Humor* ; Betamethasone* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Cataract Extraction ; Rabbits

The measurement of the rate of flow of aqueous humor is very important for the investigation of the physiology in the aqueous humor and maintenance of the intraocular pressure. Argon laser trabeculoplasty apears to be effective in lowering intraocular pressure with much advantage over standard filtering operation but despite the, widespread use of argon laser traheculoplasty in medically unresponsive open angle glaucoma, the exact mechanism by which it reduce outflow resistance remains unknown and so the study of the mechanism and the most suitable site are required due to the associated complication and less effectiveness during long term evaluation. We studied the changes in the rate of constant, the rate of flow for 2 weeks, intraocular pressure and C-value for 4 weeks, histopathologic changes for 36 days after argon laser trabeculoplasty in 25 rabbits(21 white and 4 black). The normal control group of 20 rabbits was also measured for intraocular pressure and C-value and the rate of constant, the rate of flow. In trabeculoplasty, we used the Britt 900 argon laser photocoagulator(pulse wave) with 50~60 burns at a setting of 700~800 mW, 0.2 seconds duration, 50 micro beam diameter in 360 degrees portion at the site between scleral spur and trabecularmeshwork. The results were as follows; 1) In control group of 20 rabbits. 1. The mean normal intraocular pressure was 18.5 +/- 2.0mmHg. 2. The mean normal C-value was 0.385 +/- 0.072 cumm/min/mmHg. 3. The mean normal rate of constant was 0.0114 +/- 0.0021min(-1). 4. The mean normal rate of flow was 3.980 +/- 0.735 micro l/min. 5. The relationship between rate of flow and C-value was high. 2) In rabbits after argon laser trabeculoplasty. 1. The white and black rabbits showed a statistically significant decrease of intraocular pressure for 4 weeks and elevation of rate of flow for 2 weeks after argon laser trabeculoplasty (p<0.001). 2. The changes of post-laser intraocular pressure was related with changes of C-value after argon laser trabeculoplasty for 4 weeks. 3. The changes of the mean IOP and C-value for post-laser 4 weeks showed no significant differences between white group and black group. 4. In histopathologic changes for 36 days, inflammtory change was not seen for post-laser period, fibrosis and edema in trabecular meshwork was more prominent at the 8th day, edema and fibrosis was regressed as normal at the post-laser 27th day.
Aqueous Humor* ; Argon* ; Burns ; Edema ; Fibrosis ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Intraocular Pressure ; Physiology ; Rabbits* ; Trabecular Meshwork ; Trabeculectomy*

Solitary choroidal tuberculoma is a rare ocular tuberculosis, a form of secondary infection derived through the blood-stream from some focus of infection elsewhere in the body, characterized by gradual growing until it resembles a tumor projecting into the cavity of eye. Authors experienced a case of a solitary choroidal tuberculoma. A brief review of literature is described.
Choroid* ; Coinfection ; Tuberculoma* ; Tuberculosis, Ocular

Electrical conductivity of eyeball replaced with vitreous substitutes were also measured in both the non-enucleated and enucleated eye. The study of correlation between the electroretinogram and conductivity of eyeball to be replaced with vitreous substitutes was also evaluated. The electrical conductivity of each vitreous replacement was shown 74.5% in vitreous, 77.5% in saline, 100% in air and silicone oil respectively relative to standard material -1.5 battery, 100%. There was no difference of conductivity between the enucleated eye and non-enucleated eye. There were no correlation between the ERG amplitude and conductivity. As a result of experiments, the decrease in amplitude is suggested as a damage of retina by manipulation and surgery rather than decrease of conductivity with vitreous replacements.
Electric Conductivity* ; Rabbits* ; Retina ; Silicone Oils