This study was conducted to develop a computerized food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing nutritional status of women of child-bearing age. Computerized food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that reflect intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat and protein was developed for women of child-bearing age. This FFQ is composed of 61 foods or food groups containing 192 dish items. To estimate of energy intake easily, we have developed a computer program that can be viewed on a computer screen in an actual size of dish items. Nutrient intakes of the last three months by the FFQ was validated with comparing the result of a 3-day diet record through 92 college students aged from 20 to 30. The level of energy, carbohydrate and sodium of estimating by the FFQ method was significantly higher than the level of a 3-day diet records method (p < 0.01). Pearson's correlation coefficients between the two methods were 0.50 for carbohydrate (p < 0.01), 0.55 for energy (p < 0.01) and 0.56 for protein (p < 0.01). Spearman's correlation coefficients were 0.53 for carbohydrate (p < 0.01), 0.55 for energy (p < 0.01) and 0.52 for protein (p < 0.01). The percent of subject in the lowest quartile in a 3-day diet record belonged to the first and second lowest quartile in food frequency questionnaire is 78.2% in energy, 91.3% in carbohydrate, 78.2% in protein, 69.5% in fat. Also, the percent of subject in the highest quartile in a 3-day diet record belong to the first and second highest quartile in food frequency questionnaire is 78.3% in energy, 73.9% in carbohydrate, 82.6% in protein, and 73.9% in fat. On the whole, the result of this study seemed to be in good agreement with other studies. Therefore, the FFQ developed by this study is considered to be a reliable tool to assess nutrients and food intakes for women of child-bearing age.
Aged ; Diet Records ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Sodium ; Software

Laryngotracheal injury following endotracheal intubation has been extensively described in the literature, but most discussion has centered around the sequela of prolonged intubation. Little however, has been reported regarding the lesions from short-term endotracheal intubation to ensure the safe practice of anesthesia. In this regard, 72 healthy, male patients undergoing general anesthesia for surgical procedures were randomly assigned to have an endotracheal tube of 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0 mm in internal diameter and were evaluated for the upper airway symptoms by questionnaire within 4-8 hours following extubation. The larynx and trachea were examined and scored for extent and severity of lary- ngotracheal damage by fiberoptic laryngotracheoscopy, and risk factors causing laryngotracheal injury were studied. The results were as follows; The incidence of upper airway symptoms were 13 of 72 (18.1%), of which 10 (13.9%) were throat discomfort and 3 (4.2%) were sore throat. The incidence of laryngeal and tracheal injury was 52 of 72 (72.2%) and 20 of 72 (27.8%), respectively. 20 patients (27.8%) did not reveal any lesion in the laryngotracheal system. The common sites of intubation injury were vocal cords (65.3%, all erythema) and arytenoids (44.4%, erythema 37.5%, edema 6.9%). No correlation could be drawn between the injured and uninjured groups with respect to smoking and length of intubation. However, bucking was associated with severity and extent of laryngeal damage (p<0.05), and with the extent of tracheal damage only (p<0.05). Also, the increase in internal diameter of the tube used was associated with severity and extent of laryngeal damage (p<0.05), but not with tracheal damage.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Edema ; Erythema ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Larynx ; Male ; Pharyngitis ; Pharynx ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Trachea ; Vocal Cords

The purpose of this study was to develop a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) for subjects aged 50yr and over and to evaluate the validity of this SQ-FFQ. Dietary intake was assessed using SQ-FFQ that included 98 commonly consumed flood items selected from the results of the Korean Health and Nutritional Survey, 1998. Subjects (n = 2,660) aged 50yr and over were recruited from 7 metropolitan cities and 8 small cities. Each subject was interviewed using this SQ-FFQ developed in our laboratory and 24hr-recall method. Excluding incomplete data, Data from 1,149 subjects were used in this validity study. The nutrient intakes assessed by this SQ-FFQ were validated by comparing with the results from 1 day 24-hour recalls. Pearson's correlation coefficients between two methods were 0.71, 0.64, 0.53, and 0.43 for energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat, respectively for all subjects. Spearman's correlation coefficients were higher than those of Pearson's correlation coefficients. Kappa values for energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 0.79, 0.72, 0.70, and 0.64, respectively. The percentage for misclassification of the lowest quartile into the highest quartile or vice versa was 1.25-1.39% for all nutrients. Therefore, this SQ-FFQ seems to be useful in assessing the nutritional status of the middle-aged and elderly subjects in Korea.
Aged* ; Humans ; Korea ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status* ; Surveys and Questionnaires