No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Drinking*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Token Economy*

Malignant transformation develops in a little less than 2% of mature cystic teratomas. A wide variety of malignant tumors may arise within benign mature cystic teratomas, and the most common of these is squamous cell carcinoma, which account for 75~85%. In general, the tumors are in an advanced stage and the prognosis is poor as most patients die within a year. However, when the tumor is confined to the ovary, they have a good prognosis and the 5-year survival rate is 63~83%. We experienced three cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in mature cystic teratoma. Two of the carcinomas occurred in postmenopausal women: 58-(case 1) and 66-(case 2) year-old, and were confined to the ovaries. They were alive 37 months and 18 months after the operation, respectively. The third case was a 45-year-old premenopausal woman who had an extraovarian extension of the tumor and early recurrence within two months. Histologically, cases 1 and 3 were conventional well to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas and case 2 showed a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with exuberant proliferating trichilemmal tumor-like areas.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Ovary* ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Survival Rate ; Teratoma*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among preschoolers' smartphone addiction tendency, problem behaviors, and parenting efficacy of the mothers of these children. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was used with self-administered questionnaires. A total of 83 mothers of preschoolers aged 4-6 years and their preschool teachers from a kindergarten participated in the study. RESULTS: Mean daily time spent by the preschoolers on smartphones was about 45 minutes/day. About 40% spent more than 60 minutes/day on smartphones. The majority (69.8%) used smartphones without adult supervision. The level of smartphone addiction tendency among the preschoolers was 1.52+/-0.45 on a 4-point scale. Preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for more than 60 minutes/day showed a higher level of smartphone addiction tendency than preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for less than 60 minutes/day. Also smartphone addiction tendency among preschoolers had a positive correlation with hyperactive-distractible behavior (r=.228, p=.038) and a negative correlation with parenting efficacy of their mothers (r=-.299, p=.006). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that preschooler's smartphone addiction tendency is significantly associated with hyperactive-distractible behaviors of the children and low parenting efficacy among their mothers. Therefore well-designed care plans for these populations should be provided to decrease smartphone addiction tendency.
Adult ; Cellular Phone ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Organization and Administration ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Smartphone ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among preschoolers' smartphone addiction tendency, problem behaviors, and parenting efficacy of the mothers of these children. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was used with self-administered questionnaires. A total of 83 mothers of preschoolers aged 4-6 years and their preschool teachers from a kindergarten participated in the study. RESULTS: Mean daily time spent by the preschoolers on smartphones was about 45 minutes/day. About 40% spent more than 60 minutes/day on smartphones. The majority (69.8%) used smartphones without adult supervision. The level of smartphone addiction tendency among the preschoolers was 1.52+/-0.45 on a 4-point scale. Preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for more than 60 minutes/day showed a higher level of smartphone addiction tendency than preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for less than 60 minutes/day. Also smartphone addiction tendency among preschoolers had a positive correlation with hyperactive-distractible behavior (r=.228, p=.038) and a negative correlation with parenting efficacy of their mothers (r=-.299, p=.006). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that preschooler's smartphone addiction tendency is significantly associated with hyperactive-distractible behaviors of the children and low parenting efficacy among their mothers. Therefore well-designed care plans for these populations should be provided to decrease smartphone addiction tendency.
Adult ; Cellular Phone ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Organization and Administration ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Smartphone ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
B-Lymphocytes* ; Lymphoma, B-Cell* ; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia*

BACKGROUND: To investigate the role of alpha-adrenergic receptors in the development of delayed afterdepolarization, the effect of alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade on ouabain induced delayed afterdepolarization(DDAD) was examined in rabbit heart Purkinje fibers. METHODS: Purkinje fibers, taken from adult rabbit(1.8 - 2.0kg) heart anesthetized with penobarbital, were mounted in a Luicite chamber and superfused with Tyrode's solution. The transmembrane potentials were measured by the conventional microelectrode technique while the fibers were being stimulated with rectangular pulses of 50% above threshold voltage. The delayed afterdepolarizations were induced by overdrive excitation in the presence of ouabain. RESULTS: Delayed afterdepolarizations were not observed during superfusion of the control Tyrode's solution containing propranolol(5x10(-7)M). However, the addition of ouabain in the presence of propranolol elicited DADs which were dose-, time- and drive cycle length- dependent. Phenylephrine(PE ; 10(-7)M), and alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, potentiated the ouabain-induced DAD during the initial superfusion(for 10 or 20 min) of the test Tyrode's solution. However, it was followed by attenuating-effects after a superfusion time of 50 to 60 min. Both effects showed ouabain dose-dependence. Ouabain(2x10(-7)M), in the presence of propranolol, depolarized the maximum diastolic potential and shortened the action potential duration, and the addition of PE(10(-7)M) did not affect the characteristics of action potential except a decrease in velocity of phase 0 depolarization. Prazosin, an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, inhibited the PE's enhancing effects of ouabaininduced DDAD at 20 min superfusion, but did not affect the attenuating-effects of PE at 60 min superfusion. On the other hand, yohimbine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, did not affect the PE's DAD potentiating-effects at 20 min superfusion, but inhibited the attenunating-effects of PE at 60 min superfusion. CONCLUSION: It is inferred that alpha-adrenergic stimulation induce delayed afterdepolarization and triggered activity in the rabbits, being responsible for the arrhythmia development, and the effects are mainly due to the action of alpha1-subtpe adrenoceptor stimulation.
Action Potentials ; Adult ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Hand ; Heart ; Humans ; Membrane Potentials ; Microelectrodes ; Ouabain ; Prazosin ; Propranolol ; Purkinje Fibers ; Rabbits ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha* ; Yohimbine

The rectum is a unique visceral organ, of which afferents are not so obvious. In anorectal surgery ablating the rectum and/or perirectal structure, this issue comes with significant meaning about whether to preserve patient's normal defecatory function, or not. So we planned this study to evaluate which nervous system concerns the afferents from the rectum. METHODS: We recorded cerebral evoked potential (EPs) in 16 healthy male subjects after electrical and mechanical stimulation of the rectum, and compared their waving patterns regarding latencies and amplitudes of each peak with those occuring after electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve. RESULTS: The EPs after electrical stimulation of the rectum showed distinctly different waving patterns in comparison to those after electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve. But the EPs after mechanical stimulation of the rectum showed very similar waving patterns with those after electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Rectal afferents of mechanical stimulation seem to be somatosensory, but those of electrical stimulation seem visceral. In that sense, sensory receptors of mechanical stimulation may lie in the perirectal structure, such as pelvic floor muscle and those of electrical stimulation lie in the rectum, itself.
Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials* ; Humans ; Male ; Nervous System ; Pelvic Floor ; Pudendal Nerve ; Rectum ; Sensory Receptor Cells

PURPOSE: In breast cancer, response to endocrine therapy depends on estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status. However, poor prognosis is conferred on patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. We aimed to examine weakly positive HR breast cancer by comparing weakly positive HR to strongly positive HR and negative HR breast cancer. METHODS: We examined the clinical and biological features of 1,496 women with breast cancer, and these patients were categorized according to HR status as weakly positive, strongly positive, and negative HR breast cancer. RESULTS: In this study, among 1,496 patients with breast cancer, negative HR breast cancer was found in 374, weakly positive HR breast cancer in 90 and strongly positive HR breast cancer in 1,032 patients. Our multivariate analysis showed that there were differences in T stage, tumor-node-metastasis stage, vascular invasion, histologic grade and type, and Ki-67 index. Patients with weakly positive HR breast cancer had an increased risk of death and recurrence compared with those with strongly positive HR breast cancer and had similar prognosis as patients with negative HR breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Patients with weakly positive HR breast cancer received endocrine therapy because they were regarded as having positive HR breast cancer. However, their prognosis of overall survival and relapse-free survival was similar to that in patients with negative HR breast cancer. Therefore, we need to closely observe and consider active treatment for patients with weakly positive breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Receptors, Estrogen ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Recurrence ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms