The purpose of this study is to find the optimal reconditioning method for a debonded bracket base. In this study, metal brackets and ceramic brackets are used. There are devided into five groups by reconditioning methods (A : control(new bracket), B : heat treated, C : grinded with green stone, D : sandblasting for four seconds, E : sandblasting for eight seconds). Each reconditioned brackets were bonded and shear bond strength was measured by universal testing machine. After debonding, enamel surfaces were examined under stereoscopic microscope to determine the adhesive remnant index. The Microstructure of reconditioned bracket were examined by SEM (JSM 5200, Japan) and stereoscopic microscope (SZ-ST, Japan). 1. In metal bracket groups, sandblasting for eight seconds revealed the greatest shear bonding strength and its strength was above that of control group. 2. In ceramic bracket groups, sandblasting for eight seconds revealed the greatest shear bonding strength but its strength was below that of control group. 3. As sandblasting time was increased, shear bonding strengh of metal bracket was increased very much, but in ceramic brackets, shear bonding strength exhibited limited increase. This difference was caused by macro-mechanical retentive areas of ceramic brackets were broken for their brittle characteristics of material.
Adhesives ; Ceramics ; Dental Enamel ; Hot Temperature ; Orthodontic Brackets*

PURPOSE: The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is generally self- administrated; however, it is doubtful that the self-administrated IPSS score correctly reflects patients' symptoms; therefore, the difference in the IPSS self-administrated score and physician-interviewed patients was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 202 patients completed two IPSS questionnaires during the same office visit, one by self-administration and the other by physician-interview, at two medical centers, one located in an urban area and the other in a rural area. The mean total symptom score and the score for each question, and the quality of life score were compared between the two modes of administration. A multi-logistical regression analysis was performed to identify differences due to the effects of age, the order of administration, location and educational level. RESULTS: The mean total symptom score and quality of life score were higher in the self-administrated than physician-interviewed group (14.16 vs. 13.07, p=0.001, 3.27 vs. 3.2, p=0.090). The residual sense (2.03 vs. 1.97, p=0.20), frequency (2.07 vs. 1.97, p=0.026), interruption (1.83 vs. 1.61, p=0.002), urgency (1.89 vs. 1.55, p=0.001), weak stream (2.74 vs. 2.60, p=0.042), hesitancy (1.77 vs. 1.59, p=0.005) and nocturia (1.82 vs. 1.77, p=0.12) were also higher in the self-administrated group. The multi- logistical regression analysis revealed statistically significant differences in relation to age and location. CONCLUSIONS: The self-administrated IPSS score was higher than the physician-interview score, especially in relation to an older age and an urban location. Therefore, active intervention should be considered during the administration of the IPSS, especially for old aged patients living in urban areas.
Humans ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms* ; Nocturia ; Office Visits ; Prostate* ; Quality of Life ; Questionnaires ; Rivers ; Urinary Tract

Renal angiomyolipomas are benign mixed mesenchymal tumors, which are composed of atypical blood vessel, smooth muscle and fat cells. A 34-year-old woman presented with a palpable right abdominal mass, accompanied with discomfort. A CT scan showed a large right perinephric mass, with heterogeneous density, surrounding the kidney, with enlargement of the regional lymph nodes. The presumptive diagnosis was one of a malignant tumor of the retroperitoneum, with lymph node metastasis or an angiomyolipoma, involving both the kidney and lymph nodes. A right radical nephrectomy, including the tumor, was performed. The final diagnosis was an angiomyolipoma arising from the kidney, with the dissected lymph nodes having the same pathology. There was no evidence of a tumor recurrence during the six month follow-up period. This was an unusual case of a multicentric angiomyolipoma.
Adipocytes ; Adult ; Angiomyolipoma* ; Blood Vessels ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lymph Nodes* ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nephrectomy ; Pathology ; Recurrence ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a distinct spindle cell tumor arising mainly in the pleura, however, SFT of extra-pleural sites had been reported. To our knowledge, five cases of the urinary bladder SFT had been reported. We have recently experienced a case of SFT of the urinary bladder in a 56-year- old man who was admitted to the hospital with a 4-month history of voiding difficulty, frequency, and residual urine sensation. A computerized tomography scan revealed a 12cm sized intravesical mass. The mass was marginally excised under the impression of it being a benign spindle cell tumor by pre-operative needle biopsy. On gross examination, the mass was multinodular, creamy white, and the cut surface was fibrotic with a rubbery consistency. Microscopic examination revealed haphazardly arranged spindle cells with a lace-like deposition of inter- and pericellular collagen. Areas of increased cellularity show nuclear atypia and occasional mitoses (2-3/10HPF). The immunohistochemical staining revealed an intense CD34 and bcl-2 immunoreactivity. Although the exact biologic behavior of these tumors has not been clarified, most of the reported cases have undergone a benign clinical course.
Bladder Neoplasms/*pathology ; Human ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Fibrous Tissue/*pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate morphological changes of the medial nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) before and after endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament, and to correlate the ultrasonography (US) findings with the use of high resolution US and the surgical outcome for the median nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with CTS confirmed by a clinical and electrophysiological study underwent high resolution US. The US instrumentation was equipped with a high frequency linear transducer to measure the cross sectional area, flattening ratio and swelling ratio of the medial nerve at the distal radioulnar joint, proximal and distal carpal tunnel before and three months after surgery. RESULTS: The cross sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve at the distal radioulnar level showed a decrease from 0.13 +/- 0.03 cm2 before surgery to 0.11 +/- 0.03 cm2 after surgery, and the CSA of the proximal carpal tunnel showed a decrease from 0.17 +/- 0.07 cm2 to 0.14 +/- 0.05 cm2; these differences were statistically significant. There was no statistically significant correlation between the morphological change and symptom improvement. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed a decreasing CSA of the medial nerve at the distal radioulnar and proximal carpal tunnel in a postoperative patient with CTS, as determined by the use of high resolution US. No association was found between a change in the CSA of the median nerve and symptom improvement. A further study based on multiple measurements of the median nerve with a longer period is necessary to establish the association between a change in the CSA of the median nerve and symptom improvement.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ; Humans ; Joints ; Ligaments ; Median Nerve ; Transducers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the characteristic features of B cells in murine cervical lymph node. Animal experiment. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We obtained cervical lymph node of mice. Isolated B cells were cultured in media after the addition of several stimuli. The expression of various surface molecules to characterize lymphoid B cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin secreted into the culture supernatants was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. B220+ cells cultured for 5 days with media alone, or LPS. Entering into S phase in response to stimuli was measured by proliferative assay. RESULTS: Identifying phenotypic characteristics for B cells of lymph node include CD5low, CD23high, CD43low, B220high, Ig (sIg)Mlow, sIgDhigh, CD80 (B7.1)low, CD86 (B7.2)low, and Syndecam-1low. Spontaneous Immunoglobulin production did not occur in lymphoid B cells. When stimulation, IgM secretion was increased more than that of IgA and IgG. Lipopolysaccharide is a most powerful stimulus which secreted immunoglobulin. In thymidine incorporation, B cells were entered actively S phase after 48hours stimulation. CD40 plus anti-CD8 stimulated B cells to produce substantial thymidine incorporation that was much greater than those of other stimuli. CONCLUSION: The B cells in cervical lymph node are conventional B cells (B2). Lymph node B cells secreted mainly IgM at stimuli and cell proliferation was activated at 48 hours of stimulation.
Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes* ; Cell Proliferation ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Flow Cytometry ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mice ; S Phase ; Thymidine

Herpes zoster oticus or Ramsay Hunt syndrome occurs in about one percent of all cases of herpes zoster and represents 12 percent of all facial palsies. The typical clinical presentation includes otalgia, facial palsy, herpetic lesions of the auricle and external auditory canal, but is frequently accompanied with sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus. Rarely, it may be associated with the involvement of V, VI, IX, X, XI and XII cranial nerves, aseptic meningitis, and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). With a review of literature, we report two cases. The first case is a 64-year-old male with Ramsay Hunt syndrome complicated with cranial nerve VIII palsy and aseptic meningitis. The second case is a 30-year-old female with Ramsay Hunt syndrome complicated with the cranial nerve III, IV, V, VI and VIII palsies and aseptic meningitis.
Adult ; Cranial Nerve Diseases* ; Cranial Nerves* ; Ear Canal ; Earache ; Facial Paralysis ; Female ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Herpes Zoster ; Herpes Zoster Oticus* ; Humans ; Male ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Aseptic* ; Middle Aged ; Oculomotor Nerve ; Paralysis ; Tinnitus ; Vertigo ; Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Arterial bleeding after pancreaticoduodenectomy is a very serious complication with high mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment is essential. In particular, early detection and immediate embolization can be effectively used for the delayed massive bleeding that occurs from a pseudoaneurysmal rupture. However, sometimes intermittent bleeding or a vessel spasm can cause the bleeding focus to remain unidentified in spite of repeated angiography. We experienced a case of successful embolization with superselection by endoscopic hemoclipping in a patient who underwent pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, and the patient's bleeding focus was not found after repeated angiography. Endoscopic hemoclip application can be useful for localizing a pseudoaneurysmal rupture in patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Aneurysm, False ; Angiography ; Early Diagnosis ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy ; Pylorus ; Rupture ; Spasm

Background: This study investigated the trends of insulin use among Korean patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Changes in prescription of antidiabetic medications in T2DM patients taking insulin therapy were evaluated. Methods: We analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea to evaluate the prevalence of insulin users and trends of insulin use in T1DM and T2DM patients from January 2002 to December 2019. We also investigated numbers and types of antidiabetic medications in insulin users with T2DM. Results: The overall total number of insulin users increased from 2002 to 2019, reaching 348,254 for T2DM and 20,287 for T1DM in 2019 compared with 109,974 for T2DM and 34,972 for T1DM in 2002. The proportion of patients using basal analogs and short acting analogs have increased and those using human insulin, premixed insulin, or biphasic human insulin have decreased (rapid acting analogs: 71.85% and 24.12% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019; basal analogs: 76.75% and 75.09% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019). The use of other antidiabetic medication in addition to insulin increased for T2DM, especially in dual therapy, reaching up to 52.35% in 2019 compared with 16.72% in 2002. Conclusion The proportion of the patients using basal or rapid acting analogs increased among all insulin users in both T1DM and T2DM patients. Among patients with T2DM, the proportion of patients using antidiabetic medications in addition to insulin was significantly increased compared to those who used insulin alone.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These tumors are frequently small, asymptomatic and found incidentally. GI bleeding is a common complication of these tumors, but small sized, very low risk GIST rarely complicated with fatal bleeding. In this report, we describe a 42-year-old woman with a jejunal GIST accompanied by severe GI bleeding. She presented with melena and an angiographic embolization was performed for a jejunal mass with bleeding. However, rebleeding was suspected after an angiographic embolization and an emergent segmental resection for the bleeding mass was performed. She was finally diagnosed as a 1.8 cm sized very low risk GIST in jejunum. In conclusion, physician should consider that even very low risk GIST can be the cause of GI bleeding when there is severe bleeding.
Adult ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors* ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Jejunum* ; Melena