BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance and necessity of the government's old-age preparation service by measuring the economic value of the old-age service and the policy direction and policy implications of the government's old-age preparation service project. METHODS: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used as an analytical method. CV methodology was used to calculate the Willingness to pay (WTP) for old-age preparation service and its value was estimated and the economic benefit of the project was estimated. RESULTS: As a result of the analysis, the average monthly payment amount for the old service was calculated as 5,100 won, and the annual average payment amount was estimated to be 61,197.1 won. CONCLUSION: The present value of the benefit for 10 years with the discount rate of 5.5% is 484,651 won. Based on the value of peruser benefit, the total benefit value calculation result of the old-age preparation service considering the Willingness to pay for the next 10 years shows that the total benefit value of the old service, which occurs during the period from 2016 to 2025(10 years) was estimated at 415.1 billion won. As a result of calculating the benefit for each scenario, the present value of basic service is higher in all scenarios than the linked service.
Methods

BACKGROUND: The hypereosinophilic syndrome(HES) represents a leukoproliferative process likely caused by a number of disorders, all of which are marked by sustained over-production of eosinophils. OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were aimed at evaluating the clinical and histopathological characteristics of HES. METHODS: The medical records and hist opathological slides of patients with HES who had skin biopsies performed in our department were reviewed. Criteria for the diagnosis of HES include (1) peripheral blood eosinophilia with eosinophil counts greater than 1,500/L for at least 6 months; (2) no evidence of parasitic, allergic, or other known causes of eosinophilia; and (3) presumptive signs and symptoms of multiple organ involvement. RESULTS: Four male and three female patients were included. HES developed in adulthood or old age (mean, 43.4 years). Because only the patients with cutaneous involvement were included, all the patients showed skin lesions. Heart, liver, stomach, nervous system, lymph nodes, and lung were involved organs in decreasing order of frequency. At the onset of HES, 40 to 80% of white blood cells were eosinophils in peripheral blood. White blood cell count and serum IgE level were elevated in all the tested patients. In six patients (85.7%), the level of serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated. Persistent hypereosinophilia (>1,500/L) was present for longer than 6 months in all patients. Stool examination and skin test for parasitic infestation all gave negative results. All the patients were not taking any medication. Histopathological examinations revealed perivascular mixed inflammatory cell infiltration; predominantly eosinophils in the stomach, liver, and nerve as well as in the skin. Interestingly, two patients who were presented with skin lesions showed the findings of eosinophilic vasculitis. In these patients, the skin lesions were consisted of Raynaud's phenomenon, digital gangrene, and several erythematous plaques. The most common cutaneous manifestations were papules and nodules on the extremities. The main treatment modality was systemic steroid. Except for one patient presented with central nervous system involvement of HES, all the patients were in a well-controlled state. In one patient with the typical clinical and hematologic features of HES, Hodgkin's disease followed. After the complete remission of Hodgkin's disease with chemotherapy, HES subsided. CONCLUSIONS: HES is a heterogenous collection of disorders marked by hypereosinophilia and organ damage. Most common cutaneous manifestations were papules and nodules on the extremities. Raynaud's phenomenon and digital gangrene can be the primary manifestation of HES in which cases cutaneous lesions showed eosinophilic vasculitis. Five patients (71%) responded well to systemic steroids. HES may be a herald of malignancy such as Hodgkin's disease. Further investigation will be mandatory ro elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of HES.
Biopsy ; Blood Sedimentation ; Central Nervous System ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Extremities ; Female ; Gangrene ; Heart ; Hodgkin Disease ; Humans ; Hypereosinophilic Syndrome* ; Immunoglobulin E ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes ; Liver ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Medical Records ; Nervous System ; Skin ; Skin Tests ; Steroids ; Stomach ; Vasculitis

Intravascular fasciitis (IVF), a rare distinct variant of nodular fasciitis, possesses the same clinical and histologcal features of nodular fasciitis, but in addition, involves predominantly small to medium- sized veins and/or arteries intraluminally, intramurally and extramurally. Only 3 cases of intraoral IVF have been reported in the English literature. Herein we report a case of IVF developing on the inner lower lip and it was successfully treated with simple excision.
Arteries ; Fasciitis* ; Lip ; Veins

No abstract available.
Lung*

Laugier-Hunziker syndrone is a rare, pigmentary disorder of the lips, oral mucosa, and nails. The absence of intestinal polyposis differentiated it from Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. We describe a 16-year-old boy with multiple, brownish, lenticular macules on the lips, oral mucosa, perianal area and anal mucosa, and on the digits of his fingers and toes, in wham intestinal polyposis was not detectable.
Adolescent ; Fingers ; Humans ; Intestinal Polyposis ; Lip ; Male ; Mouth Mucosa ; Mucous Membrane ; Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome ; Toes

No abstract available.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Korea remains a poorly-understood subject for both professionals and the public. Recent reports have emphasized ethnic differences in SIDS rates, suggesting that making adjustments in child-rearing practices may contribute substantially to SIDS reduction. Two of the three major risk factors for SIDS-vulnerability of the infant and exogenous factors-need to be understood in particular depth due to their broad scope and sociocultural grounding. This paper presents substantial issues regarding preterm birth and male gender on infants’ vulnerability to SIDS in Korea. Practices of caring for healthy infants are addressed in the context of sleeping practices, including sleeping position, bedding arrangements, sleeping on the floor, the back-to-sleep position, high indoor temperatures and ondol floor heating, and swaddling. Professional and social awareness about how to reduce SIDS should be raised by promoting a better understanding of risk factors in the context of ethnic and cultural variations in child-rearing practices.

OBJECTIVES: This study was for analyzing the research about international marriage immigrant women and a trial to find the right direction for future research. METHODS: Sixty articles published from June, 2004 to June, 2009 were reviewed and analyzed according to the general characteristics, major of author, and theme of health domains. RESULTS: Most of them were master's thesis(71.7%) and journals(21.7%) and doctoral dissertation(6.7%) have been published mostly after thesis. Among 83.3% for quantitative research, descriptive(33.3%) and descriptive correlation(41.7%) methods were the most used and there were some qualitative researches(16.7%). The most frequently used data gathering method was questionnaire(81.7%) and the next was interview(16.7%). The major rates of the author were 61.7% for social welfare and 2.1% for nursing. The investigated variables in social health domain were adaptation(28.3%), and communication(1.7%). In psychological health domain, marriage satisfaction(16.7%), life satisfaction(11.7%), and depression(10.0%) were most researched. Utilization of medical center(5.0%) and health promotion behavior(1.7%) were investigated in physical health domain. CONCLUSIONS: Above this, most articles were researched about the adaptation of international marriage immigrant women. But the life in foreign countries can cause physical and psychosocial unhealthy conditions, so many-sided health related researches are supposed to be conducted for adaptation and prevention health problems of international marriage immigrant women.
Emigrants and Immigrants ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Marriage ; Social Welfare

BACKGROUND: Chronic shoulder pain draws the attention of doctors since it is a very common and serious disease at primary care level. The patients with this pain usually have a tendency to see many doctors, to take an abundance of medication, and sometimes to even suffer from depression. The pain and the symp- toms thereof often disable the patients in their every day lives. This study aims to seek the most efficient way of treatment between two therapies, namely, the existing drug therapy based on NSAID and the intramuscular stimulation(herein after IMS) therapy, which has re- cently been introduced, by comparing them in accordance with the following method. METHODS: The two therapies were applied for 3 weeks to female patients aged between 50 and 70 who had visited a hospital over a period of more than 3 months due to this type of pain. The patients were randomly given each therapy although the treatment and monitoring was done by the same physiotherapist. The monitoring was performed four times, the day before the start of treatment, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks after respectively. It measured the following elements: (1) pain scale by VAS(Visual Analogue Scale), (2) Sleep hygiene scale by VAS, (3) ROM(Range of Motion), Repeated measure ANOVA was used for analysis. RESULTS: While both therapies reduced the pain significantly during the 3 weeks, the study showed that IMS was more effective than the drug therapy in every element monitored(p<0.05). IMS turned out to be more effective the 1st week in every measured element, however, the drug therapy was more effective the 3rd week if compared to the 2nd week in terms of Sleep VAS score. CONCLUSION: IMS is more effective in easing chro nic shoulder pain since it has better results than NSAID in pain VAS score, sleep VAS score and ROM.
Chronic Pain ; Depression ; Drug Therapy ; Female* ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Physical Therapists ; Primary Health Care ; Shoulder Pain* ; Shoulder*

No abstract available in English.
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar* ; Pathology*