The purpose of this study was to determine the kinds and characteristics of nursing interventions performed by adult nursing units nurses. For this study, 433 taxonomy of nursing intervention classification(NIC) of Iowa University research project were used, which were translated into Korean. The data were collected from 110 nurses of 4 General Hospitals from Jan. 20, 1998 to Feb. 18, 1998 and analyzed with SPSS program. The result are as follows : 1. 31 nursing interventions were performed at least once a day. Most of which were physiological complex domain. The nursing interventions receiving the highest mean-use score were intravenous therapy, documentation, medication, vital sign monitoring. analgesics administration, teaching : prescribed medication, hypoglycemia / hyperglycemia management, nutrition therapy and active listening. 2. 20 nursing interventions were performed several times a day by 50% or more of the nurses. The most frequently used nursing interventions were intravenous therapy, medication, documentation and vital sign monitoring. Most of the nursing interventions used sevral times a day are in the physiological complex domain. 3. 256 nursing interventions performed at least monthly by 50% or more of the nurses. Those nursing interventions were all of the domains and the classes in the NIC taxonomy except the child bearing class. 4. 59 nursing interventions were rarely performed by 90% or more of the nurses. Most of them were in the family domain. The rarely used interventions were contactlense care, animal therapy, art therapy, hypnosis and child bearing care. 5. Adult nursing units performed all kinds of indirect nursing interventions and the most frequently performed nursing interventions were documentation, shift report, order transcription, examination assistance and emergency cart checking. In conclusion the kinds and characteristics of nursing interventions performed by adult nursing units nurses were determined to apply to practice for providing standarized nursing leading to a professional nursing and development. Base on this study, the development of nursing intervention classification suitable for current situation and classified studys concerning are recommanded.
Adult* ; Analgesics ; Animals ; Art Therapy ; Child ; Classification ; Emergencies ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypnosis ; Hypoglycemia ; Iowa ; Nursing* ; Nutrition Therapy ; Vital Signs

We have developed a real-time arrhythmia detection system using four vaviables;heart rate, QS width, morphology and axis. Because of difficulties in real-time operation on the frequency domain, time domain process are carried out. The sampling rate of the ECG signal is 240/sec by using 12 bit A/D converter and we design digital comb filter to avoid 60Hz AC interference and DC drift. The band width of the digital comb filter is 1.79 Hz and Q is 64. To design a QRS detection logic, an 8 to 20 Hz bandpass filter is design on the basis of the power spectrum of the QRS complexes derived from the simulators and patients'data. By feeding the filter output into an adaptive threshold comparator, no detection of false QRS or T waves are found, and an accurate heart rate detection is obtained.
Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Comb and Wattles ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Rate ; Logic

No abstract available.
Animals ; Antigen-Antibody Reactions* ; Guinea Pigs* ; Guinea* ; Lung* ; Mast Cells*

We designed software system to detect intermittent arrhythmia from the patients automatically. To overcome the difficulties on real-time processing, we used four variavles; heart rate, QS width, morpholigy and axis. Templete generation routine was designed to produce patient's individual normal ECG pattern and store in the computer. The most important point of automatic detection is to discriminate the Q and J point. It is done by linear phase differentiation, the point that five point gradient is within a minimum value of 6Hz curve gradient is defined as Q and J points. The morphology calculation is simplified by simple addition and substraction, making real-time processing by modified cross correlation method. We find that both value of morphology and QS width will be used as a parameter of datermining the abnormalities of ECG signal automatically.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Rate ; Humans

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans

This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of female students in the 6th grade in a rural primary school. The anthropometric data showed their mean height and weight were 149.5+/-6.5 cm and 41.3+/-7.6 kg, respectively, which are slightly higher than those in the Korean Standard Growth data. It was further observed that there was a wide variation in terms of physical growth and development among subjects. The mean hematocrit value was 40.3+/-3.3% and the mean hemoglobin concentration was 12.9+/-1.0gm/dl. It was proven that 22.8% of subjects were anemic based on the WHO standards for hemoglobin level. Twenty four hour dietary recall revealed that their food intakes of subjects was appropriate, compared to the RDA except for Ca. Mean Ca intake among subjects was 381.3 mg which is 47.7% of RDA. Nutrition education from mothers and the school influence nutrient intake significantly. Special nutrition education programs targeting mothers and students should be developed to provide practical assistance such as food choice and the forming of good eating habit.
Eating ; Education ; Female* ; Growth and Development ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Mothers ; Nutritional Status*

This study was undertaken to compare the obesity related dietary factors among rural middle school students living in Korea. Anthropometric data showed that mean height and weigh were 161.7+/-13.0 and 49.8+/-10.3kg in 226 male students and 158.3+/-6.1 and 48.2+/-7.5kg in 212 female students. Mean BMIs for boys and girls were 19.10+/-2.47 and 19.26+/-2.35, respectively. 71.68% of male students and 72% of female students were underweight by the BMI index. The BMI of older students was higher than young ones in both sexes. Most nutrient intakes of the subjects were below the RDA. In particular Ca and Fe intakes were extremely low in both sexes. 66.88% of the students skipped breakfast and it was found that the reasons for missing a meal for both sexes were significantly different. Compared to males, more female respondents felt guilty and depressed related to eating. Furthermore, females were more significantly concerned with body image, diet, and body weight(p<0.001), and they were not satisfied with their weight. The sources of information on obesity and diet were from radio and TV in males while females got information from magazines and friends. In male students their ideal body weight was higher was higher than actual body weight. In contrasting, female students desired a thin body shape. A different approach for nutrition education for adolescents should be developed and implemented based on sex.
Adolescent* ; Body Image* ; Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diet ; Eating ; Education ; Female* ; Friends ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Korea ; Male ; Meals ; Obesity ; Periodicals as Topic ; Thinness

An autopsy case of a newborn male who died of exsanguination into the subamniotic space of placenta presumably due to the rupture of the umbilical vein, is reported. This fetus, previously uneventful except for hydramnios and partial breech presentation showed obvious signs of fetal distrees during the first stage of labor that lasted for 6 hours to this 25 year old multigravid mother who came to the hospital because of labor pain at 29 weeks of gestation. Immediately after birth the baby was pale and the Apgar score was 1. He died 30 minutes after birth. Postmortem examination confirmed generalized pallor in this 1380 gm baby, with petechial hemorrhage of viscera and subarachnoid hemorrhage. No other findings of the cause of death were found. The placenta showed large ellipsoid subamniotic hematoma containing approximately 76 ml of blood, which is 57% of the total circulation blood volume of the fetus.
Male ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans

Emphysematous cholecystitis is an uncommon condition which may mimic acute cholecystitis. But it differs from acute cholecystitis in its relatively greater frequency in men and diabetics and has graver prognosis. The condition is diagnosed by demonstration of air in lumen,wall of gallbladder and/or pericholecystic space using a variety of radiographic techniques: simple abdominal radiography, ultrasonography and CT scanning. One illustrative case is presented herein and the pertinent literature is reviewed.
Cholecystitis, Acute ; Emphysematous Cholecystitis* ; Gallbladder ; Humans ; Male ; Prognosis ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography

Stool examination is believed to be the most reliable method for detecting Clonorchis sinensis (CS) eggs. However, it has limited value for diagnosing clonorchiasis when the biliary tract is obstructed or when there is a light infection. We evaluated the infection states of CS in patients with biliary tract diseases using a bile sample. From January 2001 to August 2003, 238 patients who had undergone endoscopic biliary drainage were prospectively included in the study. The patients' bile samples were obtained directly from the nasobiliary drainage tube and then analyzed to detect CS eggs. The overall CS egg positive rate was 28.2% (35.4% in males, 19.4% in females). The egg positive rate was similar in all age groups examined: 26.7% in 30-39 years, 25.0% in 40-49 years, 24.4% in 50-59 years, 30.2% in 60-69 years, 35.3% in 70-79 years, and 25.0% in 80 years of age and over. There were no significant differences in the egg positive rate between the disease groups: 32.6% in bile duct cancer, 38.5% in gallbladder cancer, and 26.4% in gallstone diseases. Our results show that the CS infection rate was very high, regardless of the age, gender, and type of diseases of the patients. Although the study population was limited to patients with biliary tract diseases, it is assumed that clonorchiasis is still an endemic disease in Ulsan, Korea.
Korea/epidemiology ; Humans ; Clonorchis sinensis/embryology/*isolation & purification ; Clonorchiasis/complications/*diagnosis ; Biliary Tract Diseases/*complications ; Bile/*parasitology ; Animals