PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting the burden on employment of occupational health care providers as well as to develop strategies to reduce burden on employment of them in the middle size manufacturing enterprises. METHODS: The target population of this study was 123 managers working in the middle size manufacturing enterprises. The study questionnaires were selected, as theories and literature suggested, for explaining employment burden, general characteristics of participants and occupational health providers, general characteristics of companies, evaluation of occupational health provider's role and burden score. RESULTS: The mean of employment burden score of manager was 2.2. There was a significant difference in the employment burden scores, manager's age and education, and occupational health provider's age, type of work, certification, and employment status. Also there was a negative relationship between employment burden scores and occupational health provider's role scores (need, role, satisfaction, and benefit). In the results of the standard multiple regression analysis, manager's need scores on occupational health providers were significant predictors of the employment burden scores. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to change the manager's perception to promote employment of occupational health providers.
Certification ; Delivery of Health Care ; Employment ; Health Personnel ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Occupational Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: It has been reported that in colorectal cancer, the positive rate of the cytological examination of ascites is low and that the cytologically positive result of the cancer cell influences its prognosis; nonetheless, not many studies on the correlation of the formation of peritoneal effusion and cancer have been done yet. Thus, this study on the correlation of clinico-pathological findings with peritoneal effusion was initiated. METHODS: The study population, includes a total of 191 patients who underwent an operation for colon cancer and rectal cancer from May 1, 2004, to December 31, 2005. Peritoneal effusion considered to be present in cases with more than 10 cc of body fluid retained in the Douglas pouch, and a cytological test was performed on patients whose retained fluid was more than 50 cc. In all patients, the correlation of the clinico-pathological findings with peritoneal effusion was analyzed, and the volume of effusion and the positive result of peritoneal cytology were compared. RESULTS: Among the 191 patients, patients without peritoneal effusion numbered 133 (69.6%) and patients with peritoneal effusion numbered 58 (30.4%). Between the two groups, the presence of intestinal obstruction due to cancer (P<0.001), perineural involvement (P=0.025), lymph node metastasis (P=0.004), lymph-node stage (P=0.001), distal metastasis (P=0.012), macroscopic peritoneal dissemination, and stage (P=0.017) were statistically significantly different. In the multivariate analysis, only the presence of intestinal obstruction and lymph-node disease stage correlated statistically significantly to the formation of peritoneal effusion (P=0.009, 0.004). Twenty patients (34.5%) had peritoneal effusion of more than 50 cc, and among them, malignant cells were detected in 3 patients (15%). Based on 50-cc peritoneal effusion, more or less effusion and the detection of malignant cells by peritoneal cytology did not correlate with the clinico- pathological outcomes (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal effusion, but without co-morbid medical diseases inducing such peritoneal effusion, by regarding peritoneal effusion itself as meaningful, the range of lymphadenectomies, adjuvant chemotherapy, and other additional therapy should be considered.
Ascites ; Ascitic Fluid* ; Body Fluids ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Douglas' Pouch ; Humans ; Intestinal Obstruction ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms

PURPOSE: Recently, trauma is more frequent due to the increases in the population, the number of traffic accident, and the incidence of violence. Especially, abdominal trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. We analyzed the clinical features and the factors associated with morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We analyzed 136 patients of abdominal trauma who were admitted at the Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, from January 2003 to June 2005. We analyzed the cause of trauma, the injured organ, combined injuries, mental status, blood pressure, laboratory findings, morbidity, and mortality. The relationships between by variable were assesed by using the independent samples test and the Kruskal?Wallis test. RESULTS: The causes of trauma were traffic accidents (98 cases, 72%), falling accidents (9 cases, 6.6%), violence (6 cases, 4.4%), and stab injuries (6 cases, 4.4%). The injured organs were the small intestines (47 cases, 34.6%), the liver (35 cases, 25.7%), the spleen (26 cases, 19.1%), the mesentery (17 cases, 12.5%), the large intestines (15 cases, 11.0%), the pancreas (14 cases, 10.3%), etc. The most common combined injury was chest injury (53 cases, 39%). Comatose or semicomatose mental status and shock on admission (<60 mmHg in systolic) were related to high mortality (85.7%). In laboratory findings, decreased hemoglobin (<8 g/dL), and platelet count (<50,000/mm3), and increased creatinine level (>1.6 mg/dL) were significant prognostic factors. The incidence of postoperative complications was 40.4%, and frequent complications were wound infection (8.1%) and re-bleeding (8.1%). The overall mortality rate was 18.4%, and most common cause was hypovolemic shock (18 cases, 13.2%), however, there was no statistical difference according to injurd organ. CONCLUSION: In the multivariate analysis, mental status, hemoglobin, and serum creatinine level were the most significant prognostic factors. When an abdominal trauma patient arrives at the emergency room, a rapid and accurate evaluation of the patient's status and risk factors, and resuscitation, if necessary, have to be performed to lower the morbidity and mortality.
Accidents, Traffic ; Blood Pressure ; Coma ; Creatinine ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Equidae ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intestine, Small ; Intestines ; Jeollanam-do ; Liver ; Mesentery ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pancreas ; Platelet Count ; Postoperative Complications ; Resuscitation ; Risk Factors ; Shock ; Spleen ; Thoracic Injuries ; Violence ; Wound Infection

OBJECTIVES: We tested the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the PANSS (PANSS-KV). METHODS: The PANSS ratings were obtained from 101 subjects with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder. To study the concurrent validity, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were also administrated in 38 patients. Using these data, inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, criterion validity and concurrent validity were evaluated. Factor structure was analyzed by the principal axis factoring. RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability of the Korean version of the PANSS was satisfactory in positive (r=0.92) and negative syndrome subscales(r=0.86), but somewhat low in general psychopathology subscale (r=0.78). The test-retest correlations for the 3 PANSS subscales ranged between 0.89 and 0.95, so it showed excellent test-retest reliability. The Cronbach's alpha for the positive, negative and general psychopathology subscales were 0.73, 0.84 and 0.74, respectively and thus the 3 subscales of the PANSS had good internal consistencies. All separate items revealed significant corrected item-total correlations in the positive and negative syndrome subscales, but some items of the general psychopathology subscale showed no or low corrected item-total correlations. The positive and negative syndrome subscales held a high concurrent validity in relation to the SAPS and the SANS. It was confirmed that positive and negative syndromes were independent constructs. The factor analysis by the principal axis factoring produced 5 components: cognitive, excitement, depression, positive and negative. CONCLUSION: These findings prove that the reliability and validity of the PANSS-KV are comparable to those of the original PANSS. So, the PANSS-KV can be widely and extensively used in researches for schizophrenia.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Psychopathology ; Psychotic Disorders ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Schizophrenia

Purpose: To derive the optimized intraocular lens (IOL) constants from automated and manifest refraction after cataract surgery in Korean patients, and to evaluate whether there is a difference in optimized IOL constants according to the refraction method. Methods: This retrospective multicenter cohort study enrolled 4,103 eyes of 4,103 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and in-the-bag IOL implantation at 18 institutes. Optimized IOL constants for the SRK/T, Holladay, Hoffer Q, and Haigis formulas were calculated via autorefraction or manifest refraction of samples using the same biometry and IOL. The IOL constants derived from autorefraction and manifest refraction were compared. Results: Of the 4,103 eyes, the majority (62.9%) were measured with an IOLMaster 500 followed by an IOLMaster 700 (15.2%). A total of 33 types of IOLs were used, and the Tecnis ZCB00 was the most frequently used (53.0%). There was no statistically significant difference in IOL constants derived from autorefraction and manifest refraction when IOL constants were optimized with a large number of study subjects. On the other hand, optimized IOL constants derived from autorefraction were significantly smaller than those from manifest refraction when the number of subjects was small. Conclusions It became possible to use the IOL constants optimized from Koreans to calculate the IOL power. However, if the IOL constant is optimized using autorefraction in a small sample group, the IOL constant tends to be small, which may lead to refractive error after surgery.

The aim of this project was to use 3D scanning data collected at incident scenes and various evidence to 1) develop surveying methods based on 3D data consisting of overall and detailed scene evidence, captured by long-range and micros-canner, which can be shared by personnel working in different fields such as forensic medicine, video analysis, physical analysis, traffic engineering, and fire investigation; 2) create digital storage for human skeletons and set the foundation for virtual anthropology; and 3) improve the credibility of 3D evidence by virtual remodeling and simulation of incident scenes and evidence to provide a basis for advanced and high-tech scientific investigation. Two complete skeletons of male and female were scanned using 3D micro-scanner. Each bone was successfully reproduced and assembled in virtual space. In addition, recreating evidence scheduled for invasive examination by creating RP (rapid prototype) was possible. These outcomes could play an important role in setting up the new field of virtual anthropology. Case-specific surveying methods were developed through analysis of 3D scanning data collected by long-range surface scanners at the scenes of vehicular accidents, falls, shootings, and violent crimes. A technique and recording method was also developed for detecting forged seals by micro-scanning the pressure exerted on the seal. Appraisal methods developed in this project could be utilized to secure 3D data of human skeletal remains and incident scenes, create a standard for application, and increase objectivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of scanning methods. We plan to develop case-specific 3D data analysis techniques to improve the credibility of analysis at the NFS and to establish a 3D data collection and analysis team.
Crime ; Data Collection ; Female ; Fires ; Forensic Medicine ; Forensic Sciences ; Humans ; Male ; Skeleton ; Statistics as Topic