No abstract available.
Mood Disorders* ; Temporal Lobe*

No abstract available.
Mood Disorders* ; Temporal Lobe*

A retrospective review was performed of 72 cases of cleft palate operated at the Nati-onal Medical Center from March 1985 to June, 1986. We evaluated the frequency of cardiac arrythmia and changes in the heart rates when epinephrine is used with halothane anesthesia in pediatric patients for the closure of palate. 21 children (29.2%) developed several types of ventricular dysrrhythmias and one child had ventricular fibrillation. 41 children(65.37) had increase in heart rates, and 23 children had no change after epinephrine injection. All children restored sinus rhythm after 100% oxygen inhalation lidocaine(1-1.5 mg/kg) , and demerol (0.5-1 mg/kg) were injected.
Anesthesia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Child ; Cleft Palate* ; Epinephrine* ; Halothane* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Meperidine ; Oxygen ; Palate ; Retrospective Studies ; Ventricular Fibrillation

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to examine the distribution of refractive errors and clinical characteristics of strabismus in Korean patients with Down's syndrome. METHODS: A total of 41 Korean patients with Down's syndrome were screened for strabismus and refractive errors in 2009. RESULTS: A total of 41 patients with an average age of 11.9 years (range, 2 to 36 years) were screened. Eighteen patients (43.9%) had strabismus. Ten (23.4%) of 18 patients exhibited esotropia and the others had intermittent exotropia. The most frequently detected type of esotropia was acquired non-accommodative esotropia, and that of exotropia was the basic type. Fifteen patients (36.6%) had hypermetropia and 20 (48.8%) had myopia. The patients with esotropia had refractive errors of +4.89 diopters (D, +/-3.73) and the patients with exotropia had refractive errors of -0.31 D (+/-1.78). Six of ten patients with esotropia had an accommodation weakness. Twenty one patients (63.4%) had astigmatism. Eleven (28.6%) of 21 patients had anisometropia and six (14.6%) of those had clinically significant anisometropia. CONCLUSIONS: In Korean patients with Down's syndrome, esotropia was more common than exotropia and hypermetropia more common than myopia. Especially, Down's syndrome patients with esotropia generally exhibit clinically significant hyperopic errors (>+3.00 D) and evidence of under-accommodation. Thus, hypermetropia and accommodation weakness could be possible factors in esotropia when it occurs in Down's syndrome patients. Based on the results of this study, eye examinations of Down's syndrome patients should routinely include a measure of accommodation at near distances, and bifocals should be considered for those with evidence of under-accommodation.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Down Syndrome/*complications/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Prevalence ; Refractive Errors/complications/*epidemiology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Strabismus/complications/*epidemiology ; *Vision Screening ; Young Adult

Background/Aims: Esophageal cancer is not an uncommon cancer in Korea, however, the prognosis still remains very poor with a 5 year survival rate bemg less than l0% mainly becauae of the delayed diagnosis. Although chromoscopy with lugol solution has been received to diagnose the esophageal cancer in an early stage without difficulty, its clinical use has not been popular yet in Korea. This study was performed prospectively to evaluate the usefulness of the chromoscopy for the detection of superficial esophageal cancer in risk patients for esophageal cancer. Methods: Ninety-five patients were selected among persons who received gasiroscopy at Asan Medical Center between Jan. 1996 and May 1996 and were prospectively included for chromoscopy. Inclusion criteria for the chromoscopy were patients older than 60 years of age with smoking history of more than 30 packyears, and/or past or family history of cancers. After conventional endoscopic examination, lugol solution was sprayed to stain the glycogen granules in the epithelial cells. The size of unstained lesion was measured and stainability was classified into 5 grades. All lesions unstained were biopsied for histological diagnosis.(continue...)
Chungcheongnam-do ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Epithelial Cells ; Esophageal Neoplasms* ; Glycogen ; Humans ; Korea ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: Abutted scatter energy windows used for a triple energy window (TEW) method may provide wrong estimation of scatter. This study is to propose an extended TEW (ETEW) method, which doesn't require abutted scatter energy windows and overcomes the shortcomings of TEW method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ETEW is a modification of the TEW which corrects for scatter by using abutted scatter rejection windows, which can overestimate or underestimate scatter. The ETEW is compared to the TEW using Monte Carlo simulated data for point sources as well as hot and cold spheres in a cylindrical water phantom. Various main energy window widths (10 %, 15 % and 20 %) were simulated. Both TEW and ETEW improved image contrast, % recovery coefficients and normalized standard deviation. RESULTS: Both of TEW and ETEW improved image contrast and % recovery coefficients. Estimated scatter components by the TEW were not proportional to the true scatter components over the main energy windows when ones of 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % were simulated. The ETEW linearly estimated scatter components over the width of the main energy windows. CONCLUSION: We extended the TEW method into the method which could linearly estimate scatter components over the main energy windows.
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon* ; Water

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess attenuation correction algorithms with the 137Cs point source for the brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different types of phantoms were used in this study for testing various types of the attenuation correction techniques. Transmission data of a 137Cs point source were acquired after infusing the emission source into phantoms and then the emission data were subsequently acquired in 3D acquisition mode. Scatter corrections were performed with a background tail-fitting algorithm. Emission data were then reconstructed using iterative reconstruction method with a measured (MAC), elliptical (ELAC), segmented (SAC) and remapping (RAC) attenuation correction, respectively. Reconstructed images were then both qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. In addition, reconstructed images of a normal subject were assessed by nuclear medicine physicians. Subtracted images were also compared. RESULTS: ELAC, SAC, and RAC provided a uniform phantom image with less noise for a cylindrical phantom. In contrast, a decrease in intensity at the central portion of the attenuation map was noticed at the result of the MAC. Reconstructed images of Jaszack and Hoffan phantoms presented better quality with RAC and SAC. The attenuation of a skull on images of the normal subject was clearly noticed and the attenuation correction without considering the attenuation of the skull resulted in artificial defects on images of the brain. CONCLUSION: the complicated and improved attenuation correction methods were needed to obtain the better accuracy of the quantitative brain PET images.
Brain ; Noise ; Nuclear Medicine ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Skull

Lung transplantation has been successfully employed for variety of obstructive lung disease. Single lung transplantation has become a therapeutic option for end-stage obstructive lung disease. The patient, a 57 year old man with emphysema, suffered from severe dyspnea, which progressively aggravated him for the last three years. A single lung transplantation was performed from a young brain-dead donor on April 7th, 1999 in the department of thoracic surgery, Respiratory Center, Yongdong Severance hospital, yonsei University. The immunosuppressive regimen was based on cyclosporine A and azathioprine from beginning, adding steroid. Single lung transplantation was feasible and beneficial in patients with end-stage emphysema.
Azathioprine ; Cyclosporine ; Dyspnea ; Emphysema ; Humans ; Lung Diseases, Obstructive ; Lung Transplantation* ; Lung* ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Emphysema* ; Respiratory Center ; Thoracic Surgery ; Tissue Donors

BACKGROUND: Recently, results of many trials that intend to decide the axillary status through more conservative procedures are reported. One of these is sentinel node biopsy. This method is regarded as reasonable and selective. Some investigators tend to omit axillary dissection in the patient who is determined to have negative node clinically and negative result in sentinel node biopsy procedure. This study was designed to know how accurate the sentinel node biopsy method can predict axillary nodal status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients group was selected from Department of Surgery at SMC, consisting of 111patients with surgically curable breast cancer from Sept. 1995 to Apr. 1997. Isosulfan blue was injected in the center of mass and the margins of 4 quadrant under the general anesthesia. Axillary dissection was done 5 minutes after injection to identify the stained lymphatics. When stained lymphatics were identified, dissection was performed along the lymphatics bidirectionally to detect the stained lymph node nearest to the primary tumor (sentinel node). After frozen biopsy of sentinel node, routine axillary node dissection was performed. Results of frozen biopsy were compared with the final pathologic results. RESULTS: Sentinel node was detected in 80 of the 111 cases (72.1%) and there were 44 (55.0%) axillary metastasis cases in sentinel node detection group. In 14 of 44 cases, sentinel node was isolated positive node. In 5 of 44, sentinel node were falsely negative for malignancy. Sensitivity and specificity of the method are 88.6% (39/44), 100% (36/36), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node biopsy method can predict the axillary nodal status in patients with breast cancer. This method can lead to more conservative treatment, eventually omitting axillary nodal dissection in selected patients.
Anesthesia, General ; Biopsy* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Research Personnel ; Sensitivity and Specificity

No abstract available.
Heart Septal Defects, Atrial*