The pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia exhibit wide inter-individual variabilities in clinical efficacy and adverse effects. Recently. human genetic diversity has been known as one of the essential factors to the variation in human drug response. This suggests that drug therapy should be tailored to the genetic characteristics of the individual. Pharmacogenetics is the field of investigation that attempts to elucidate genetic basis of an individual's responses to pharmacotherapy, considering drug effects divided into two categories as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The emerging field of pharmacogenomics. which focuses on genetic determinants of drug response at the level of the entire human genome, is important for development and prescription of safer and more effective individually tailored drugs and will aid in understanding how genetics influence drug response. In schizophrenia, pharmacogenetic studies have shown the role of genetic variants of the cytochrome P450 enzymes such as CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2A1 in the metabolism of antipsychotic drugs. At the level of drug targets, variants of the dopamine D_(2), D_(3) and D_(4), and 5-HT_(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors have been examined. The pharmacogenetic studies in schizophrenia presently shows controversial findings which may be related to the multiple involvement of genes with relatively small effects and to the lack of standardized phenotypes. For further development in the pharmacogenomics of schizophrenia, there would be required the extensive outcome measures and definitious, and the powerful new tools of genomics, proteomics and so on.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Dopamine ; Drug Therapy ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Pharmacogenetics* ; Pharmacokinetics ; Phenotype ; Prescriptions ; Proteomics ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Schizophrenia*

The following facts have been identified as a result of epidemiogical trend and characteristic of Japanese Encephalitis in Korea for the last 20 years. First: The Epidemiological period which was ten-year and three-year in the past has been disappeared following the start of immunization program at 1970. Second: The incidence rate was much higher in the south and West areas than northeast area of Korea. City and province with the highest incidence rate was Chungcheong Nam Province and Cholla Buk Province. Third: Regardless of scope of prevalence, the main season that 90 percent of total incidence occurs in one month from mid-September. Fourth: The number of case by age was that 80 percent of total patients is children aged 3-15. Recently there is an increase in the number of patients who are elderly people. Fifth: The study on the ecological conditions of mosquito including wintering and effectiveness of immunization for Japanese Encephalitis and duration on antibody should be done. Sixth: There has been no case of Japanese Encephalitis during last three years since 1984 mainly due to disinfecting to eradicate mosquitos, immunization for vulnerable group of people aged 3-15, individual precaution not to be bitten by mosquito, improvement sanitation. While there has been no case of Japanese Encephalitis during last three years, there is possibility that Japanese Encephalitis becomes prevalent again anytime since its virus has been isolated continuously from the natural reservoirs.
Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Child ; Culicidae ; Encephalitis, Japanese* ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; Korea* ; Prevalence ; Sanitation ; Seasons

In spite of the progress in techniques and materials of the prosthodontic rehabilitation of patients with complete edentulous arches, prosthodontists still face patients' complaints about dissatisfaction and discomfort from their dentures. In the past several decades, prosthodontists tried to find the factors that influence the patient's satisfaction with dentures. However the results are contraversial especially with the psychological factor. In this study using patient denture satisfaction questionnaire' and Hopkins Symptom Checklist, we tried to find the correlation between the patient's denture satisfaction and the patient's psychological aspects. 23 complete edentulous patients who have visited the Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University Dental Hospital from September 1998 to June 1999 for complete denture treatment were asked to complete the questionnaires 4 to 6 weeks after the upper and lower complete delivery. After the measurement of validity of the questionnaires, correlations between the patient's general satisfaction with their new upper and lower complete dentures and the other satisfaction questions including the satisfactions with esthetics, retention, mastication, speech, comfort and other peoples's opinion and between the patient's general satisfaction with their new upper and lower complete dentures and the 5 symptoms of Hopkins Symptoms Checklist including somatic, obsessivecompulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression and anxiety were analyzed. Among the several satisfaction questionnaire items, comfort with the lower denture showed highest relation to the patient's general satisfaction with dentures. However, only the anxiety scale of Hopkins Symptom Checklist among the other symptom scales was related to the patient's general satisfaction with dentures. The two questionaires used in this study turned out to be valid means of analyzing patient's denture satisfaction and psychological status before and after the complete denture treatment.
Anxiety ; Checklist ; Denture, Complete* ; Dentures ; Depression ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Mastication ; Patient Satisfaction* ; Prosthodontics ; Psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Embryonic Structures* ; Head* ; Humans* ; Neck*

The injuries to the ankle joint complex can cause not only bony fractures but also assoicated ligamentrupture. Understanding of the mechanism of those injuries is important for the radiologist to give moreinformation to the orthopedist to identify ligament injuries and then to fix the fractures. In 1948, Lauge-Hansendevised a classification of ankle fractures based on the position of the foot and direction of injuring force atthe time of injury. On the vasis of location and appearance of the fibular fracture, 4 type of injuries areidentified; pronation-abduction (PA), prnation-external rotation (PER), supination-adduction (SA), andsupination-external rotation (SER). 60 cases of ankle fracures treated at Kyung Pook, National University Hospitalfrom Jan, 1973 to Dec. 1982 were analized and classified. The results are as follows; 1. Male was more frequetnlyaffected than female and the sex ratio was 4:1. 2. The most commonly affected age group was 20's. 3. Right sidewas more frequetnly affected than left. 4. Among 4 types, the most common was SER type (33.3%) and next were PER(30.3%), SA(16.7%), and PA(13.3%) types.
Ankle Fractures ; Ankle Joint ; Ankle ; Classification ; Female ; Foot ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Male ; Sex Ratio

No abstract available.
Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Lung Compliance* ; Lung Diseases* ; Lung*

The instability of the degenerative spondylolisthetic lumbar spine was clinically evaluated by patients symptoms and serial radiograms. With X-ray films of patients lumbar spine, the lumbosacral angle, the sacral angle, the vertebral height difference between anterior and posterior surface of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the level of intercristal line were analysed. And the results of treatment were analysed too. The Results were as follows: 1) In degenerative spondylolisthetic L3 and L4 spines, facets were arranged in sagittal plane and sacrum was vertically arranged, but in L5 facets were coronally arranged and sacrum and in horizontal plane. 2) The lumbosacral angle was 149.9 and the average difference between anterior and posterior height of L5 vertebral body was 3mm. These results revealed that sacrum was more vertical and the 5th vertebral body was more rectangular, so lumbar lordosis was decreased as a whole. 3) The intercristal line was passed at IA or L4–5 interspace in 72.1% of cases(normal:95.8%), so L4 vertebra was placed in higher level. 4) In group A posterolateral fusion was done in 2 cases. Among group B and C, operation was done in 9 cases;4 cases with laminectomy and 5 cases with laminectomy and posterolateral fusion. Two years after surgery, slipping and instability were far advanced in 2 laminectomized cases for whom posterolateral fusion was followed later. 5) Unstable group of degenerative spondylolisthesis with severe neurological symptoms and claudication must be treated by decompressive laminectomy and posterolateral fusion, especially in patients under 60 years of age. 6) Young woman having flattened lumbar curve without slipping, narrowed disc space of L4–5, high-seated L4 and vertical sacrum is thought to be in prespondylolisthetic stage of degenerative origin; therefore, intensive back muscle exercise to prevent the slipping should be performed and periodic X-ray examinations should be followed up to detect the progress of the disease.
Animals ; Back Muscles ; Female ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Lordosis ; Sacrum ; Spine ; Spondylolisthesis ; X-Ray Film

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Measles* ; Vaccine Potency

In order to study host-parasite relationship in trematode, the susceptibility in rabbits of Clonorchis sinensis were examined. A certain number of metacercariae of C. sinensis were administered orally to rabbits, and rats and dogs were used to compare with rabbits. the results were summerized as follows: The rabbits were successfully infected with metacercariae of C. sinensis in all case of the groups given 10 to 500 each. But the highest recovery rate of the worm was 33.0 percent in the case given 100 metacercariae. In the early stage of infection, the worms were hardly found, but 10 days after the infection, the number of worms were detected easily. Three months after the infection, the recovery rate of worms was 31.3 percent in the rabbits given 300 metacercariae. The recovery rates of the worms in two months after the infection were 27.4 percent in rabbits, 51.0 percent in rats and 54.6 percent in dogs. Morphologically the body length and the body width markedly increased in the period until 10 days after the infection, and after that the genital organs began to get mature gradually while the growth of the body showed down. The measurement of adult C. sinensis recovered from the animals two months after the infection was the largest in rabbits followed by rats and the worms from dogs showed the smallest measurement.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; rabbit ; biology