To elucidate the funcion of arachidonic acid as a secondary brain edema facotr, the infusion edema model was constucted using adult cats with studies of somatosensory evoked potentials, regional cerebral blood flow of white matters, brain water contents, magentic resonance images and histological findings. Among 50 cats, 6 cats were used as sham poerated group without infustion and in 45 cats solutions of various concentrations of arachidonic acid and physiologic saline were infused into the left and right frontal white maters respectively. According to the different concentrations of arachidonic acid, three groups were named as group A(0.1mg/ml), group B(1mg/ml), group C(10mg/ml). During 4 hours of slow infusion of the infusates(average 0.5ml in each side totally) central conduction time(CCT) was measured every an hour with contralateral median nerve stimulation bilaterally and cerebral blood flow(CBF) of white matter was measured by hydrogen clearance method every 2 hours. Finally the cats were sacrificed and specimens of edematous white matter obtained bilaterally at the coresponding points. Water contents were measured with vacuum freeze drying method. T2-weighted magnectic resonance images(MRI) and light microscopic studies were performed in a cat of each groups. The results were as followed ; 1) MRI and histologic findings showed that the infusion brain edema technique was efective in inducing interstitial edema, but the differences in the degree of edema formation between the right and the left sides were not siginificant in all groups. 2) There were no statistically significant difference between the water contents of the right and that of left in all groups. 3) Either infusion of arachidonic acid or physiologic saline in the white matter did not change regional white matter CBF in all groups. 4) The I-N1 interpeak latency was labelled as central conduction time(CT), and the baseline CCT was 5.83+/-0.52msec. 5) The differences of CCT between infusion group and noninfusion group were statistically significant in group C at 2, 3, 4hours(p>0.01) and the differerences of cct between arachidonic acid and physiologic saline infustion sites were statistically significant in group B at 4 hors, group C at 1 hour(p>0.05) and group C at 2, 3, 4hours(p>0.01) after eginning of infusion and the differences increased with time in group C(p>0.01). The results indicate that arachidonic acid does not have edemogenic properties during 4 hours infusion but may induce neurologic dysfunction as to increase the CCT in somatosensory evoked potential studies if it exists in the edema fluid of brain white matter.
Adult ; Animals ; Arachidonic Acid* ; Brain Edema ; Brain* ; Cats ; Edema ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory* ; Freeze Drying ; Humans ; Hydrogen ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Median Nerve ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Vacuum

A 4-year-old girl developed acute motor, sensory impairment, lower abdominal pain and urinary dysfunction after URI. In acute stage of disease, MRI showed diffuse spinal cord swelling and high signal intensity on T2WI below T2 body level. The patient did not improved and one month later, follow-up MRI showed diffuse spinal cord atrophy and syrinx formation as sequelae of ATM on T1WI below T9 level. To our knowledge, this is the first case showing the sequelae of acute transverse myelitis seen in Korea.
Abdominal Pain ; Atrophy* ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Myelitis, Transverse* ; Spinal Cord*

No abstract available.
Diabetes Insipidus ; Holoprosencephaly

Esthetics ; Humans ; Mandibular Condyle ; Mandibular Reconstruction ; Mouth ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Transplants

Diastematomyelia is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by a division of the spinal cord or the filum terminale into two parts. In Korea, only one case has been reported. The authors have operated on 5 cases of diastematomyelia with septum since July, 1978. The ages ranged from 1 to 44 years (median; 11 years). There were 2 boys, 2 girls and an adult man. The disease manifested by cutaneous abnormalities and neurological or orthopedic deficits. Pain was a chief complaint in the adult patient. The symptoms had progressed in 3 cases. The diagnosis was made correctly by CT myelography or MRI in 4 cases. The median septum was located at the lumbar area in 4 cases and at the lumbosacral region in 1 case. Associated abnormalities included low lying conus (5 cases), lipoma (2 cases), thickened filum terminale (1 case), hemilipomyelomeningocele (1 case) and syrinx (1 case). The median septum was removed. The dural sleeve adjoining the septum was resected and the dural sac was reconstructed. The role of MRI in the diagnosis and planning of surgery and the high frequency of associated low lying conus were emphasized. Though the surgical treatment relieved pain, it did not reverse the neurological deficits or orthopedic deformities significantly, which suggests the beneficial effects of early surgical intervention in the cases with progressive symptoms.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Spina Bifida Occulta/diagnosis/*physiopathology/*surgery ; Treatment Outcome

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy predominantly affects young children and infants living in Japan and Taiwan, and is characterised by acute encephalopathy with seizures and decreased level of consciousness. The Hallmark of the disease is diffuse and symmetrical CNS lesions of both thalami, brainstem tegmentum, cerebral periventricular white matter and cerebellar medula. The clinical, radiological and pathological features of this disease, a disease entity established recently, is proposed by Masashi Mizuguchi et al in 1995. The aetiology is unknown but infectious or parainfectious process seems likely. The diagnosis can be made without difficulty on the basis of the combination of a typical clinical figures and characteristic radiologic findings. There is no specific therapy or prevention. The prognosis was poor in the 1980s but has improved recently. We experienced a case of 6-month-old female infant with acute necrotizing encephalopathy and a thalamic hemorrhage. We report this case with a review of the related literatures.
Brain Stem ; Child ; Consciousness ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Infant ; Japan ; Prognosis ; Seizures ; Taiwan

To determine the normal median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in cat and to evaluate the effect of temperature change, following experiment was done. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials(MNSEP) were recorded in 45 mongrel cats at 38.5 degrees C, the normal temperature range in cats, and in 8 cats of them MNSEP was recorded at 37.5 degrees C, 36.5 degrees C and 35.5 degrees C additionally. The results were as follows ; 1) Seven peak waves were always recorded and they were named as I, II, P1, III, N1, P2, N2, and central conduction time(CCT) was thought as I-N1 interpeak latency and it was 5.81+/-0.53msec. 2) The peak latencies of all waves and CCT were increased gradually as temperature decreased. The latencies of the late waves increased more than those of early waves as temperature decreased except N2.
Animals ; Cats* ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory* ; Median Nerve*

Adriamycin (ADR) is a potent anticancer drug that causes often severe cardiomyopathy. Previous reports have demonstrated that zinc accumulation is shown in rat myocardial cells following ADR treatment. However, the mechanism and role of zinc accumulation in ADR-induced cardiomyopathy are not yet elucidated. Zinc may be one of the key executors in ADR-induced cardiomyopathy. To test this hypothesis, we examined the cytotoxic effects of zinc on various cell lines including H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells, HL-60, U937, and C(6)-glial cells. Zinc induced significant the death of H9c2 cells at 0.125 mM in a dose-dependent manner. However, zinc did not induce any cytotoxic effect on both promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells and monoblastoid U937 cells. The nuclear morphology of Zn(2+)-treated H9c2 cells displayed apparent chromatin condensation, but no formation of chromatin fragmentation. In addition, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization was observed by annexin-V staining. Zinc markedly decreased the intracellular GSH level in a time-dependent manner. Exposure to 0.2 mM ZnCl(2) for 6 hr decreased the intracellular GSH content to 13% of control value. Zinc-induced death of H9c2 cells and the intracellular GSH depletion were completely prevented by the addition of exogenous GSH and NAC. These result suggests that intracellular GSH depletion is directly involved in zinc-induced cardiomyopathy.
Animals ; Cardiomyopathies ; Cell Death* ; Cell Line ; Chromatin ; Doxorubicin ; Free Radicals ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Rats ; U937 Cells ; Zinc

No abstract available.
Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver*

OBJECTIVE: To report an observational investigation of small high attenuated foci in computed tomography (CT) scan followed by brain parenchymal catheterization. METHODS: From January 2011 to March 2015, we retrospectively reviewed the 381 patients who had undergone brain catheterization in our clinic and enrolled the patients who had newly developed high attenuation foci in the postoperative CT scans. The brain CT scans were reviewed about the lesion location, Hounsfield Unit (HU) and the time of appearance. RESULTS: Twenty seven of 381 patients had high attenuation foci in CT scans after the procedure. The location of high density lesions was as follows: parenchyma in 9 (33.3%) cases, ventricle in 5 (18.5%), combined in parenchyma and ventricle in 13 (48.1%). The lesions were identified in the catheter tract in parenchymal type, and catheter-lodged frontal horn or choroid plexus in ventricular type. We could not find the calcific foci before the catheter removal, and those were found after removal in all cases. The time of appearance after the removal was variable from 0 to 14 days (mean 4.2, median 3). The regular rules of HU change in CT scans were not found as times go on. CONCLUSION: The high attenuation foci in CT scans were bone dust originated from skull during operation. Although these lesions did not make troubles, we should clean the operation field before the insertion of brain catheter and we may use another material, like Surgicel to seal up the burr hole instead of bone dust in the end of operation.
Animals ; Bone Transplantation ; Brain* ; Calcinosis ; Catheterization* ; Catheters* ; Choroid Plexus ; Dust ; Horns ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Skull ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed