Three freshwater snail species of the family Lymnaeidae have been reported from Korea, Radix auricularia coreana, Austropeplea ollula and Fossaria truncatula. Out of 3 lymnaeid snail species, A. ollula was naturally infected with the Echinostoma cinetorchis cercariae (infection rate = 0.7%). In the experiments with the laboratory-bred snails, F. truncatula as well as A. ollula was also susceptible to the E. cinetorchis miracidia with infection rates of 25% and 40%, respectively. All of three lymnaeid snail species exposed to the E. cinetorchis cercariae were infected with the E. cinetorchis metacercariae. It is evident that A. ollula acts as the first molluscan intermediate host of E. cinetorchis in Korea, and F. truncatula may be a possible candidate for the first intermediate host of this intestinal fluke. Also, three lymnaeid snail species targeted were experimentally infected with E. cinetorchis metacercariae.
Animals ; Echinostoma/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Echinostomiasis/parasitology ; Host-Parasite Relations ; Korea ; Lymnaea/*parasitology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PURPOSE: To compare the results of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by open and arthroscopic method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1995 to 1997, 18 reconstructions of posterior cruciate ligament were performed. Group 1 (open method) was composed of 9 cases and group 2 (arthroscopic method) was consisted of 9 cases. After 21-month follow-up, The two groups were compared by clinical and radiologic methods. RESULTS: Clinically, Lysholm knee score was 80 points in group 1 and 83 points in group 2 after operation. Post operative results by Hughston's criteria were good in 5, fair in 2 and poor in 2 cases (group 1) and good in 6, fair in 2 and poor in 1 cases (group 2). Radiologically, post operative average of posterior drawer stress view was 5.2 mm (group 1) and 5.0 mm (group 2). Almost double the operation time was taken to reconstruct posterior cruciate ligament by arthroscopic method than open method. There were technical errors in 2 cases performed by arthroscopic method. CONCLUSIONS: The results of both methods had no significant difference. We think that the reconstruction of PCL using patellar tendon by open method is a recommendable treatment method together with arthroscopic method, if the merits or demerits of both methods are considered carefully. But more long-term follow-up is necessary to compare the results of PCL reconstruction by open and arthroscopic methods.
Follow-Up Studies ; Knee ; Patellar Ligament ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament

The occlusal interference during adolescent period makes some effects on growth and development and morphological changes. And so, if we could predict the timing and results of orthodontic treatment who have occlusal interference during adolescent period, it may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic treatment. For about those, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the posterolateral displacement by the metal casting crown with inclined pathway on the mandibular condyle and morphologic changes of mandible in the rat. The experimental animals were thirty six Sprague-Dawley male rats of 8 weeks old. Eight of them was used as control group, and experimental group I (continuous appliance wearing group) was composed of sixteen and experimental group 2 (appliance removal group after worn the appliances during 3 months ) was composed of remaining twelve. The animals of experimental group 1 were sacrificed after 1, 2, 3, 6 months from beginning of the experiment and experimental group 2 were sacrificed 1, 2, 3 months after removal of the appliance from worn the appliance during 3 months. Both of mandible and temporomandibular joint were observed histologically and radiologically. The results were as follows: 1. In experimental group 1, the mandibular length and lower posterior height were decreased with experimental period, while the lower anterior height was increased, and the curvature of lower incisors and lingual inclination of anterior alveolar bone were profound as compared with control group. 2. In experimental group 1, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thinned in the posterosuperior region, and this phenomenon was more prominent on right than left in 3-Mo experimental period and both sides were marked thinned in 6-Mo experimental period. 3. In experimental group 2, the lower anterior height was low and lower posterior height was high as compared with experimental group 1, and the curvature of lower incisors and lingual inclination of anterior alveolar bone were recovered to control group. 4. In experimental group 2, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thickened in the posterosuperior region, and this phenomenon was more prominent with experimental period. 5. In experimental group 2, the mandibular length was short, lower anterior height was hight, the curvature of lower incisors were profound, and in histologically, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thickened in the posterosuperior region as compared with control group. As shown above, the occlusal interfernce affected the condylar cartilage, curvature of lower incisor, inclination of anterior alveolar bone, mandibular length, and anterior and posterior height. When the interference was removed, significant recover was found in condylar cartilage, mandibular length, and posterior height. Although no significance was found, other items of measurement showed trends for recovery.
Adolescent ; Animals ; Cartilage ; Crowns ; Diagnosis ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Mandible* ; Mandibular Condyle ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Temporomandibular Joint

No abstract available.
Shoulder*

The purpose of this study was(1) to determine the prevalence of some causes by which dental occlusion might be affected, (2) to determine the prevalence of malocclusion, and types of molar, vertical incisor and horisontal incisor frlationships, and (3) to examine the sex difference in the prevalence ratios, and (4) to determint the between-examiner differences in asseassing types of dental occlusion. The material consisted of 1281 males and 811 females, total 2091 persons, aged 17 to 21 years. Tow examiners who were graduate students in the orthodontic course, examined independently dental occlusion of the material. Before calculating the statistics, the subjects consisted of 156 males and 164 females, total 320 persons, having any one or more causes suspected to affect dental occlusion, was eliminated. Than the remained subjects, 1124 males and 647 females, total 1771 persons, were assessed. The results were as follows 1. The prevalence of some causes by which dental occlusion might be affected was 15.32 per cent. The missing rate of any one or more first molars was 8.85 percent, that of any one or more teeth positioned anterior to the first molar was 3.83 per cent. The prevalence of crossbite of the first molat 0.48 per cent, that of retained primary teeth was 0.77 percent, and that of orthodontic treatment was 0.43 per cent. 2. The rate of between-examiner difference was 12.35 per cent in assessing the types of molar relationship, 18.86 percent in assessing the types of horziontal incisor relationship, and 26.37 percent in assessing the types of horizontal incisor relationship. 3. There was no sex difference in the prevalence ratios of the types of molar relationship . The pervalence of Class I molar relationship was 80.91 percert, that of Class II was 5.03, that of Class II subdivision was 4.01, percent, that of Class III was 5.99 percent and that of Class III subdivision was 4.07 percent. 4. In the prevalence of the types of horizontal incisor felationship, there were no sex differences except that of Class II division 2. The prevalence of Class I horizontal incisor relationship was 73.12 percent, that of Class II division 1 was 12.03 percent, that of Class II division 2 was 6.58 percent in male and 4.33 percent in female, and that of Class III was 9.09 percent. 5. In the pervalence of the types of vertical incisor relationship, there were no sex difference except that of deep bite. the prevalence of open bite was 2.20 per cent, that of edge-to-edge bite was 9.15 percent, that of normal bite was 76.34 percent, and that of deep bite was 14.15 percent in male and 9.12 percent in female. 6. There was no sex difference in the prevalence of malocclusion the prevalence of maloccusion was 82.67 percent and that of normal occlusion was 17.33 percent. 7. There was a tendedcy that when Class I molar relationship vhanged to Class II, incisor-ships were to be larger overjet or upright upper incisors and deep bite, but when that changed to Class III molar relationship, these were to be cross bite and openbite.
Dental Occlusion ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Molar ; Open Bite ; Overbite ; Prevalence ; Sex Characteristics ; Tooth* ; Tooth, Deciduous

Propofol is a short acting, rapidly metabolized intravenous anesthetic agent. It cause a decrease in arterial pressure after induction of anesthesia and a decrease in heart rate. Hypertension, tachycardia during induction of anesthesia or in response to tracheal intubation is undesirable in high-risk patients, Propofol might attenuate the pressor to tracheal intubation than thiopental. In this study we compared propofol with thiopental for induction of anesthesia. Forty patients of ASA class III scheduled to undergoing valvular replacements divided two groups. Twenty patients were induced with thiopental, twenty patients were induced with propofol and maintained using 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Cardiovascular parameters were checked before induction, after propofol or thiopental injection, after succinylcholine injection, after tracheal intubation, after isoflurane mixed inhalations. The aim of this study is to examine a camparison of hemodynamic effects between propofol and thiopental for valvular replacement. The results were as follows. 1) There is little change in heart rate with thiopental group, but heart rate was decreased in propofol group. 2) There is slightly deaeased in arterial pressure with thiopental group, but markedly decreased in propofol group. 3) There is no difference of central venous pressure between two groups.
Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Central Venous Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intubation ; Isoflurane ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Propofol* ; Succinylcholine ; Tachycardia ; Thiopental*

This study was designed to investigate the variation of mandibular pattern and cranial base and their association in the craniofacial malocclusion. The material was the 165 cephalometric radiographs taken from craniofacial malocclusion. The sample was devided into two groups by age child group aged from 10 to 13 years and adult group aged over 18 years, and each group was devided into 3 types of malocclusion, class I, Class II div. 1 and Class III malocclusion. Child group consist of 35 samples and adult group consist of 20 samples in each malocclusion type. Various angular and linear measurements on the cephalometric radiographs were recorded and statistically analyzed. The results of the study were as follows, 1. The cranial base angle was largest in Class II div, 1 malocclusion and smallest in Class III malocclusion 2. The anterior cranial base length was largest in Class II div 1 malocclusion but posterior cranial base length did not show statistical difference 3. The mandibular body length of Class III malocclusion was larger than those of Class I and Class II div 1 malocclusion in the adult group but did not shown difference in the child group. The ramus height of Class III malocclusion was larger than those of Class I and Class II div 1 malocclusion in the child and adult group, but there were no difference between Class I and Class II div, 1 malocclusion. 4. The mandibular position was showed low correlation with the cranial base angele.
Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Malocclusion* ; Skull Base*

Enlargement of bone tunnels has been noted on plain X-rays following arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The cause of this widening is unclear, but it has been hypothesized that it may be due to either mechanical or biological cases. Ishibashi et al. reported anatomical proximal fixation resulted in the most stable reconstructed knee, with increasing instability as the level of fixation moved away from the tibial plateau. The purpose of this study is to determine if any difference exists in the amount of enlargement of the femoral tunnel following arhotoscopic ACL reconstruction with position of interference screw fixation and instability, and to know the factors which affected to the enlargement of the femoral tunnels. Total 39 patients were retrospectively reviewed for tunnel measurements radiologically at one year post-operation. (27 patients received bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft, 12 patients received bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft and Kennedy LAD-ligament augmentation device). The surgery was performed using an arthroscopic single and double incision technique. AP and lateral X-rays were obtained and the tunnels were measured by two independent observers using a digital caplper. The measurements were made at the widest part of the tunnel. Correction for magnification was performed by comparing the measured width of the interference screw used for fixation of the graft with its actual width. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and t-test. 1. Radiographic tunnel enlargement of femoral side was average 2.42 mm (bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft : 2.36 mm, Kennedy-LAD and autograft : 2.56 mm)(p>0.05). 2. According to the position of the interference screw, the femoral tunnel enlargement were 2.25 mm in anatomical fixation, 2.40 mm in mid-tunnel fixation, 2.62 mm in mid-tunnel fixation, 2.62 mm in outer-tunnel fixation(p < 0.05). 3. The femoral enlargement according to the overall results(Clancy, 1982) were 2.39 mm in above good result group and 2.50 mm in below fair result group(p < 0.05). Tunnel enlargement group of femoral side was related to a distance between femoral articular surface and the position of interference screw. We conclude that femoral tunnel enlargement following arthoscopic bone tendon-bone ACL reconstruction is related to the mechanical effect rather than the properties of grafts and the clinical results.
Autografts ; Humans ; Knee ; Retrospective Studies ; Transplants

BACKGROUND: The several forms of treatment of Graves disease-thyroidectomy, antithyroid drugs and radioiodide therapy-are in wide use now. But which therapy is best is a matter of debate. Some authors reported that in patients who underwent thyroidectomy, higher titers of serum antimicrosomal antibody were associated with 1) higher formation rates of germinal centers, 2) more lymphocyte infiltration in the thyroid tissue, 3) higher incidence of hypothyroidism, and 4) lower incidence of recurrence. We were interested in the relationship of thyroid autoantibody titers, ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) activity and the clinical response to antithyroid medication. METHODS: We measured ADCC activities from patients in Graves disease(n-48), Hashimoto thyroiditis(n=17) and normal control(n=9). The patients of Graves disease were followed up for more than 1 year, and they were grouped into A(n=17, well responsed group to antithyroid medication) and B(n=31, poorly responsed group). We examined ADCC activities of patients' sera by chromium release assay. RESULTS: 1) Mean age of patients with Graves disease was 34.4210.4 years and 15 patients were male(31%). 2) Results of thyroid function tests of the Graves' patients were T 585.9 +/- 255.3 ng/dL, T4 21.3 +/- 12.2 mg/dL, TSH 0.11 +/- 0.06mIU/mL. Concentrations of antimicrosomal antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody and thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulin were 1279.1 +/- 1486.7 IU/mL, 488.1 +/- 751.1 IU/mL, and 38.5 +/- 33.4U/L respectively. 3) There was no significant difference between levels of thyroid hormones or concentrations of thyroid autoantibodies and ADCC activities in graves patients. 4) The ADCC activity of the Graves patient group(24.49%) was significantly higher than that of the normal control group(3.76%), and significantly lower than that of the Hashimotos thyroiditis group(36.34%). 5) There was no significant difference in ADCC activity between group A(18.24 +/- 13.44%) and B(27.91 +20.02%). CONCLUSION: From this results, we suggested that ADCC activity seems to be no value as a prognostic factor in predicting the response to antithyroid drugs in Graves disease patients. But, further studies, larger number of patients and long-term follow up, are needed.
Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity ; Antithyroid Agents ; Autoantibodies ; Chromium ; Follow-Up Studies ; Germinal Center ; Graves Disease* ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; Immunoglobulins ; Incidence ; Lymphocytes ; Recurrence ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Hormones ; Thyroidectomy ; Thyroiditis ; Thyrotropin

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study OBJECTIVES: To analyze the serial results of selective nerve root blocks in herniated lumbar disc patients. LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY: To our knowledge there has been no study demonstrating the serial efficacy of root blocks for patients with a herniated lumbar disc only. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Selective nerve root blocks were performed in 36 patients who had a lumbar disc herniation only, with radiculopathy, between November 2002 and April 2003. The diagnoses were made by CT or MRI, which agreed with the symptoms and physical examinations. There were 31 men and 5 women, with a mean age of 28.2 years. The mean interval between the onset and procedure was 7.6 weeks, ranging from 1 to 26 weeks. Mono- and double-segment injections were used in 18 cases, respectwely. The straight leg raising angle, visual analogue pain scale, and motor and sensory functions were investigated before, immediately, 2 days, and 1 and 3 months after the procedure. RESULTS: The mean straight leg raising angle improved significantly, from 28+/-9 degrees to 53+/-18 degrees, immediately, and was maintained until 3 months after the procedure (P<0.001). The visual analogue pain scale was also improved, from 4.6+/-0.9 to 2.0+/-1.5, immediately, and was maintained until 3 months after the procedure (P<0.001). Two of ten patients with motor weakness, and six of eighteen with sensory deficit were improved. There was no procedure related complication; however, surgical treatment was performed in two patients who showed no improvement until 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Selective nerve root block is a safe and effective treatment method to obtain a rapid and remarkable improvement of radiculopathy in herniated lumbar disc patients.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Leg ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pain Measurement ; Physical Examination ; Prospective Studies ; Radiculopathy ; Sensation