The myocardial protective effects of endothelin antagonist in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP), doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DOX) and pressure-overload hypertrophy by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) models have been predicted to be different. The objective of this experiment, therefore, is to evaluate the myocardial protective effect of tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in various experimental heart failure models. Sprague-Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old, 200-300 g) were randomized to three experimental groups (n=30 each): ICMP; DOX; and TAC group. Each of these groups was randomly assigned further to the following subgroups (n=10 each): sham-operated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (SHAM); tezosentan treated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (Tezo); and tezosentan non-treated ischemia-reperfusion subgroup (N-Tezo). Total circulatory arrest was induced for 1 hr, followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. The left ventricular developed pressure, peak positive and negative first derivatives, and coronary blood flow were significantly different (P<0.05) among the SHAM, Tezo, and N-Tezo subgroups of the ICMP group at 30 min of reperfusion, but there were no statistically significant differences among the subgroups of the DOX and TAC groups. In conclusion, tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, showed myocardial protection effects only on the ischemic cardiomyopathy rat model, but not in the non-ischemic heart failure rat models.
Animals ; Cardiomyopathies/chemically induced/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Coronary Vessels/physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Doxorubicin/toxicity ; Heart Failure/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Hypertrophy/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Male ; Pressure ; Pyridines/*therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Endothelin/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Reperfusion Injury/*drug therapy/physiopathology/surgery ; Tetrazoles/*therapeutic use ; Vasodilator Agents/*therapeutic use ; Ventricular Function, Left/physiology

BACKGROUND: Simulation-based training is becoming more wide-spread in clinical education because of the increased technology of patient simulators in conjunction with their increased use by many medical centers. Simulation-based training enhances the learning, clinical skills and judgment of the trainees. However, the effect of repetition of simulation-based training has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this presentation will be to examine whether the number of experiences could have an influence on the interest of the trainee. METHODS: Simulation-based training was designed as an introductory course for new interns and residents. The training course was divided into three sessions: Airway management training, cardiac massage training and advance cardiac life support mega code training. All the trainees were divided into the new interns and residents group. The two group's performances during conducting the three sessions were monitored by video equipment. All the trainees were debriefed and given a post intervention survey to assess their satisfaction with the simulation-based training. RESULTS: A total of 110 trainees completed the survey. On a four point scale, the students rated their stimulation of interest, the usefulness of the knowledge that they learned and if they enjoyed the simulation. There were no significant differences in the effectiveness of the three sessions of simulation-based training among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation is a powerful tool to get trainees excited about applying the skills they learned in the classroom. Most trainees in both groups agreed that the exercises were a great experience helpful and exciting. We postulate that the repetition of simulation-based training will not decrease the effectiveness of the training.
Airway Management ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Clinical Competence ; Exercise ; Heart Massage ; Humans ; Judgment ; Learning

PURPOSE: Splenic flexure mobilization in an anterior resection is a subject of controversy, but a tension-free anastomosis is needed in case of a low anterior resection or a coloanal anastomosis. Classical splenic flexure mobilization by means of the lesser sac opening is technically difficult in the laparoscopic era. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the medical records and operation videos of 16 patients who underwent laparoscopic splenic flexure mobilization in Our Lady of Mercy Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea by using a medial approach. The operation procedure is as follows: Under general anesthesia, the patient was placed in the Trendelenburg position, after making pneumoperitoneum, the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) were ligated and divided. A medial-to-lateral mesocolon dissection was done, and the pancreas was dissected from the mesocolon of the transverse colon; then, the greater omentum was dissected. RESULTS: The mean age was 60 years old, and the male- to-female sex ratio was 9:7. The mean operation time was 293 minutes. The mean distal margin was 5.3 cm, and the mean number of harvested lymph nodes was 15. An anterior resection was done in 2 cases, a low anterior resection is 10 cases, and a coloanal anastomosis in 4 cases. The mean time from ligation of the IMA to splenic flexure mobilization was 45 minutes. There was no mortality or morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic medial splenic flexure mobilization is a technically feasible and safe method.
Anesthesia, General ; Colon, Transverse* ; Head-Down Tilt ; Humans ; Korea ; Laparoscopy ; Ligation ; Lymph Nodes ; Medical Records ; Mesenteric Artery, Inferior ; Mesenteric Veins ; Mesocolon ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Omentum ; Pancreas ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Ratio

PURPOSE: Despite the compelling scientific and clinical data supporting the use of early oral nutrition after major gastrointestinal surgery, traditional bowel rest and intravenous nutrition for several postoperative days is still being used widely after gastric cancer surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A phase II study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility and safety of postoperative early oral intake (water intake on postoperative days (POD) 1-2, and soft diet on POD 3) after a gastrectomy. The primary outcome was morbidity within 30 postoperative days, which was targeted at <25% based on pilot study data. RESULTS: The study subjects were 90 males and 42 females with a mean age 61.5 years. One hundred and four (79%) and 28 (21%) patients underwent a distal and total gastrectomy, respectively. The postoperative morbidity rate was within the targeted range (15.2%, 95% CI, 10.0~22.3%), and there was no hospital mortality. Of the 132 patients, 117 (89%) successfully completed a postoperative early oral intake regimen without deviation; deviation in 10 (8%) due to gastrointestinal symptoms and in five (4%) due to the management of postoperative complications. The mean times to water intake and a soft diet were 1.0+/-0.2 and 3.2+/-0.7 days, respectively, and the mean hospital stay was 10.0+/-6.1 days. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative early oral intake after a gastrectomy is feasible and safe, and can be adopted as a standard perioperative care after a gastrectomy. Nevertheless, further clinical trials will be needed to evaluate the benefits of early oral nutrition after upper gastrointestinal surgery.
Diet ; Drinking ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Gastrectomy ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Perioperative Care ; Pilot Projects ; Postoperative Care ; Postoperative Complications ; Stomach Neoplasms

PURPOSE: Axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients with positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) is accepted as a routine procedure. In a significant proportion of women with breast cancer, the SLN is the sole site of regional metastasis. These patients would not be expected to benefit from complete lymph node dissection. The purpose of this study is to determine which factors are associated with additional positive lymph nodes in the axilla of patients who have positive sentinel lymph nodes. METHODS: Between September 2001 and May 2005, we examined 135 cases where the patients underwent a breast conserving operation and a SLN biopsy. There were 34 patients with positive SLN. Univariate analysis was used to identify the clinicopathologic features in the SLN positive patients that can predict metastasis in the nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSLNs). RESULTS: Fifteen patients (44.1%) had metastasis in the NSLNs. There were significant differences in the location of tumors (p=0.018), the nodal status of each patient (p=0.001) and c-erbB2 protein expression (p =0.017) in NSLN metastasis as determined by univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The location of the breast cancer, nodal status and c-erbB2 expression are of predictive value for NSLN involvement. We suggest that a full axillary lymph node dissection may be considered as a sparing treatment in these situations.
Axilla ; Biopsy ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*

Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare benign disorder caused by excessive proliferation of fibrous tissue within the mediastinum. Pulmonary artery stenosis is uncommon complication of fibrosing mediastinitis. We present a case of percutaneous stent deployment in a patient with severe pulmonary artery stenosis causing pulmonary hypertension secondary to fibrosing mediastinitis.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary* ; Mediastinitis* ; Mediastinum ; Pulmonary Artery* ; Stents*

The National Evidence-based Collaborating Agency (NECA) holds the NECA Round-table Conference that not only disseminates objective and systematic information on topics of social concern in public health care but also organizes discussions on core issues under dispute in the literature through panels composed of multidisciplinary experts. Accordingly, the Round-table Conference was composed of multidisciplinary experts including medical specialists in the areas of psychiatry and preventive medicine, psychiatric and mental health nursing, psychologists, social welfare experts, consultation experts, religious leaders, and government officials from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, and Ministry of Health and Welfare. The Round-table Conference, tasked with analysis of the actual status and causes of, and search for solutions for suicide in adolescents, has reached consensus on the current status, trend, risk factors and prevention factors, problems and issues in prevention and coping strategies, effective prevention and coping strategies and areas of research needed for the future. The Round-table Conference commented on the actual status and gravity of suicides in adolescents, and came to the agreement that mental health issues including stress from interpersonal relationships and depression are the key risk factors of suicide. It was further agreed that problems in the measures being implemented for each of the areas include lack of manpower and funding, and inadequate organic association and cooperation among relevant institutions. They also agreed that development of a government-initiated suicide prevention program for adolescents, association among relevant experts, and development, and management of practical guidelines that are of broad and practical use are important. Furthermore, the panels were in agreement that the mass media must comply with the recommended level of coverage in reporting of suicide as adolescents are greatly influenced by provocative mass media reports due to their strong impulsive dispositions.
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide) ; Adolescent ; Cause of Death ; Consensus ; Depression ; Dissent and Disputes ; Financial Management ; Gravitation ; Humans ; Mass Media ; Mental Health ; Occupational Groups ; Porphyrins ; Preventive Medicine ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Social Welfare ; Specialization ; Suicide

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The meaning of specialized intestinal metaplasia (SIM) in the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (BE) is not clear. This study was designed to determine the clinical significance of SIM in the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopsies were taken from 601 subjects with endoscopically suspected columnar-lined esophagus. Under light microscopy with Alcian-blue stain, SIM was identified. Demographic characteristics, gastroesophageal (GE) reflux symptoms and endoscopic findings were compared between the SIM-present group and the SIM-absent group. RESULTS: Among 601 subjects, 184 (30.6%) were confirmed by pathology to have SIM. Age over 40 years (P<0.001) and a medication history of proton pump inhibitor or H2 blocker were found more frequently in the SIM-present group (P=0.01) than in the SIM-absent group. Any of 7 GE reflux symptoms (heartburn, acid regurgitation, chest pain, hoarseness, globus sensation, cough and epigastric soreness) were more frequent in the SIM-present group than SIM-absent group (P<0.001). Specifically, heartburn, chest pain and cough were significantly more common in the SIM-present group. There was no clinically significant difference associated with endoscopic findings or other clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: When subjects with endoscopically suspected BE are analyzed based on the presence or absence of SIM, the SIM-present group was significantly associated with GE reflux symptoms suggestive of frequent GE reflux. However, the presence of SIM did not correlate with endoscopic findings.
Barrett Esophagus ; Biopsy ; Chest Pain ; Cough ; Esophagus ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Heartburn ; Hoarseness ; Light ; Metaplasia ; Microscopy ; Prospective Studies ; Proton Pumps ; Sensation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic gastritis is a common finding during endoscopy and it is very important to describe it correctly. This study was designed to evaluate the distribution of endoscopic gastritis and the differences according to age, sex or area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A clinical analysis was conducted on 25,536 subjects who had undergone an upper endoscopy for routine health check-up. Endoscopic gastritis was classified into four types, superficial gastritis, erosive gastritis, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. The distribution of the four types of gastritis was evaluated according to sex, age and area. RESULTS: 51.6% of the patients had experienced at least one of the symptoms (epigastric pain or discomfort, soarness, dyspepsia, abdominal pain) on at least a few occasions during the previous year. The incidence of normal gastric finding was 3,593 (14.1%). 21,943 (85.9%) subjects have at least more than one of endoscopic gastritis. The number of cases with superficial gastritis was 7,983 (31.3%), erosive gastritis 6,054 (23.7%), atrophic gastritis 6,918 (27.1%), and intestinal metaplasia 1,181 (7.1%). Erosive gastritis, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia were more frequent in men than women (P<0.001) and in the older age group (> or =60 years) than younger age group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of endoscopic gastritis was very common, 85.9%. In addition, erosive gastritis, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia were more frequent in men and in the older age group, which is similar to gastric cancer or peptic ulcer. Cautious regular endoscopic follow-up might be necessary regardless of gastrointestinal symptoms in Korea.
Dyspepsia ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Gastritis ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Metaplasia ; Peptic Ulcer ; Prevalence ; Stomach Neoplasms

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic gastritis is a common finding during endoscopy and it is very important to describe it correctly. This study was designed to evaluate the distribution of endoscopic gastritis and the differences according to age, sex or area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A clinical analysis was conducted on 25,536 subjects who had undergone an upper endoscopy for routine health check-up. Endoscopic gastritis was classified into four types, superficial gastritis, erosive gastritis, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. The distribution of the four types of gastritis was evaluated according to sex, age and area. RESULTS: 51.6% of the patients had experienced at least one of the symptoms (epigastric pain or discomfort, soarness, dyspepsia, abdominal pain) on at least a few occasions during the previous year. The incidence of normal gastric finding was 3,593 (14.1%). 21,943 (85.9%) subjects have at least more than one of endoscopic gastritis. The number of cases with superficial gastritis was 7,983 (31.3%), erosive gastritis 6,054 (23.7%), atrophic gastritis 6,918 (27.1%), and intestinal metaplasia 1,181 (7.1%). Erosive gastritis, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia were more frequent in men than women (P<0.001) and in the older age group (> or =60 years) than younger age group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of endoscopic gastritis was very common, 85.9%. In addition, erosive gastritis, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia were more frequent in men and in the older age group, which is similar to gastric cancer or peptic ulcer. Cautious regular endoscopic follow-up might be necessary regardless of gastrointestinal symptoms in Korea.
Dyspepsia ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Gastritis ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Metaplasia ; Peptic Ulcer ; Prevalence ; Stomach Neoplasms