In order to evaluate the effect on nimodipine on the cerebral vasospasm, twelve adult mongrel dogs were studied in this experiment. This animals were divided into 2 groups ; Intracisternal injection of autogenous blood(Group I : no treatment group) and intravenous nimodipine administration after intracisternal injection of autogenous blood(Group II : treatment group). Nimodipine was administered 12 hours after intracisternal injection of autogenous blood for 7 days. Dogs were sacrificed at 8th day after intracisternal injection of autogenous blood and the unltrastructual changes were studied. The results were as follows : In Group I basilar artery showed endothelial cell swelling with distruption of intercellular junction, subendothelial edema and thickening of the internal elastic lamina with marked edematous change. The pathologic changes of arteries in Group II were considered more favorable than that of Group I. These results suggest that early intravenous treatment with nimodipine is beneficial in the treatment of vasospasm of this models.
Adult ; Animals ; Arteries ; Basilar Artery ; Dogs ; Edema ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Intercellular Junctions ; Nimodipine* ; Vasospasm, Intracranial*

Dermoid cysts of the posterior fossa are benign, mostly midline, congenital brain neopasm, usually located above or behind the vermis or adjacent meninges2)18)20), Dermoid lesions are slow growing and may become quite large before producing signs and symptoms12). We have recently experienced a case of dermoid which arised in cerebellar hemisphere. A 32-year old woman who had a history of chronic headache at morining was visited in our department and she was also complained of a egg-sized plapable mass which was growing nature, non-tender, soft, and movable on the right occipital area. On admission, there were no specific localizing and lateralizing neurological abnormalities. Unenhanced CT scan shows hypodense mass in the left cerebellar hemisphere and cystic mass at the right occipital scalp(Fig. 1. A). T1-weighted MR image shows hypointense mass in the left cerebellar hemisphere(Fig. 2. A). The Carotid angiography shows non-specific findings. Paramedian suboccipital approach was performed and mass was removed from the lleft cerebellar hemisphere. The cystic scalp mass was removed totally from the left cerebellar hemisphere. The cystic scalp mass was removed totally from the right occipital area. Diagnosis of dermoid cyst was confirmed pathologically by the specimens obtained from two different sites, left cerebellar hemisphere and right occipital ccalp.
Adult ; Angiography ; Brain ; Dermoid Cyst* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Headache Disorders ; Humans ; Scalp ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

In a retrospective study of 52 patients who underwent elective surgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformation, statistical analysis of elements of AVM was undertaken, in order to discover the predictors of operative morbidity. All patients had a computed tomographic scan and the positive angiogram before surgery. Elements of AVM contains Indus, arterial feeders and draining veins. The size of nidus was classified by Yasargil's method. The results were same as below; 1) Size:Giant-6 cases, large-7 cases, moderate-7 cases, small-13 cases. 2) Arterial feeders:ACA-16 cases(23%), MCA-32 cases(45%), PCA-14 cases(20%), AnCh-4 cases(6%), SCA-1 case(1%), Post. Choroidal-2 cases(3%), Call. Marginal-1 cases(1%), Opthalmic-1 case(1%). 3) Type of venous drainage:type A-10 cases, type B-3 cases, type C-7 cases, type D-4 cases, type E-9 cases, type F-2 cases.
Humans ; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations* ; Retrospective Studies ; Veins

The authors report the experiences of transcondylar approaches for five meningiomas in the low clivus and foramen magnum. These tumors were removed via transcondylar approach. The results show that there was no operative mortality and minimal operative morbidity;one patient had temporary oropharyngeal dysfunction. This approach offers the best direct vision of the ventral structures to low clivus and foramen magnum without additional retraction or manipulation of the brain stem.
Brain Stem ; Cranial Fossa, Posterior* ; Foramen Magnum* ; Humans ; Meningioma* ; Mortality

The purpose of this study was to determine the beneficial effect of treatment with methylprednisolone sodium succinate on the cytochrome oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation during 4 hour after 400gm-cm injury to the cat spinal cord. The contusion injury was associated with a decrease of the cytochrome oxidase activity of the gray matter and an increase of the lipid peroxidation. A significant drop in cytochrome oxidase activity to about 40% of normal level was observed as early as 15 minutes after injury and the lowest activity was reached at 1 hour postinjury, but at 4 hours after injury the level of the activities of the enzyme was increased or stabilized. An increase of lipid peroxidation began as early as 15 minutes after the injury and the highest concentration was reached at 4 hour of postinjury. An intravenous dose of 30mg/kg methylprednisolone sodium succinate was administered immediately after the injury. The significant increased of the cytochrome oxidase activity and concomitant decrease of the lipid peroxidation were found in cats of the treated methylprednislone. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of 30mg/kg dose administration of the methylprednisolone are an enhancement of cytochrome oxidase activity, ie., the mitochondria function and an attenuation of lipid peroxide formation, as the result of the inhibition of the O2-free radial reaction.
Animals ; Cats ; Contusions ; Cytochromes* ; Electron Transport Complex IV* ; Lipid Peroxidation* ; Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate ; Methylprednisolone* ; Mitochondria ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spinal Cord*

Acute cerebral embolism continues to be a major cause of stroke morbidity in children and young adults. A variety of drugs including steroids, dextran, barbiturates, and anticoagulants are used in the management of cerebral ischemia, despite controversy over their benefits in clinical and experimental situations. The operative treatment includes microsurgical cerebral embolectomy and cerebral revascularization. Middle cerebral artery embolectomies which have been carried out in human with variable results, have been reported by different authors. In order to define a time limit for cerebral embolectomies before irreversible brain damage has been incurred, the canine middle cerebral artery was embolized by means of a gutta percha cylinder, 4 mm long by 1.5 mm in diameter, via the internal carotid artery. It was observed that embolectomy of the middle cerebral artery performed between 4 and 5 hours postembolism could prevent the expected cerebral infarction effectually. Middle cerebral artery embolectomy beyond 5-hour periods invariably resulted in severe hemorrhagic infarction with concomitant neurological impairment.
Anticoagulants ; Barbiturates ; Brain ; Brain Ischemia ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Cerebral Infarction ; Cerebral Revascularization ; Child ; Dextrans ; Embolectomy* ; Gutta-Percha ; Humans ; Infarction ; Intracranial Embolism ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Steroids ; Stroke ; Young Adult

This paper presents a case of ganglioneuroblastoma in 3-year-old Korean boy which was arised from right adrenal gland. The tumors arising from the ganglion cells of the peripheral nervous system are ganglioneuroma, neurplastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma. We experienced a case of ganglioneuroblastoma recently which was confirmed histologically and excised successfully. Also we made a brief review of literatures.
Adrenal Glands ; Child, Preschool ; Ganglion Cysts ; Ganglioneuroblastoma* ; Ganglioneuroma ; Humans ; Male ; Peripheral Nervous System

The purpose of this study to determine the therapeutic effect of nimodipine(N.P.) and methylprednisone(M.P.) on the changes of cytochrome oxidase activity(COA) and lipid peroxidation(L.P.) in the acute phase of focal cerebral zschenia. Acute focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transorbital occlusion of proximal part of the left middle cerebral artery(MCA) with Heifetz clip under the operating microscope. The experimental animals were devided into 6 groups. The occlusion group was that the acute focal ischemia was induced by 4-hour of occlusion of the MCA only. The circulation group was that of 2-hour recirculation after acute focal ischemia. The steroid treatment group was that of M.P.(15 mg/kg) initial intravenous injection at 30 minutes after occlusion and then repeated injection at intervals of one half hours. The N.P. treatment group was that of continuous intravenous N.P.(1 microkilogram/min) infusion, initiated 30 minutes after induction of the ischemia. The combined treatment group was that was treated with intravenous infusions of M.P. as the same procedures with the M.P. and N.P. treatment groups. The sham control group was the animals with removal of the orbital contents with no occlusion of MCA. The results obtained were as follows : In the steroid treatment group COA was significantly increased to 189.76% and L.P. significantly reduced to 53.14% and the N.P. treatment groups COA was significantly increased to 170.88% and L.P. significantly reduced to 56.20% of the values of the occlusion group, respectively. In the combined treatment group COA was very significantly 220.35% and L.P. reduced highly significantly decreased to 48.85% of the values of the occlusion group. It can be concluded the above results indicate the therapy of N.P. combination with M.P. has the therapeutic effect in the management of acute focal ischemia of this cat model.
Animals ; Brain Ischemia* ; Calcium* ; Cats* ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Injections, Intravenous ; Ischemia ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Methylprednisolone ; Orbit

It is the purpose of this study to determine the benificial effect of treatment with methylprednisolone on the enhancement of Na+, K+-ATPase activity and the increased ATP level during the 4 hours after a 400gm-cm injury to the spinal cord of cat. These results demonstrate that high dose (30mg/kg) of methylprednisolone can benificially enhance the activity of neuronal Na+, K+-ATPase during the first 4 hour after spinal cord injury. But the enhancement of this enzyme activity is not significantly increased with mega dose (60mg/kg) of methylprednisolone. Tissue level of ATP in the high dose-treated cat at 1 hour after trauma was significantly elevated, but those in high dose-treated cat at 4 hour and the 1 and 4 hours with mega dose-treated groups were not significantly increased. The protective effects of methylprednisolone in experimental spinal cord trauma are the enhancement of Na+, K+-ATPase, inhibition of the free-radical reaction and the lipid peroxidation, the increment of neuronal activity and ATP utilization. High dose(30mg/kg) of methylprednisolone is required in order to produce the acute effect in the early phase experimental spinal cord injury.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Cats ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Methylprednisolone* ; Neurons ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord*

The energy metabolism of the brain has been measured in cat model using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The experimental groups were divided into three according to the duration of ischemia. In 1- and 3-hour ischemia groups, recirculation had increased the ATP, UTP and GTP significantly to 39-49%, 53-57% and 39-62% of the sham control value respectively. Also in these groups, recirculation had increased adenylate energy charge(E.C.) to 75-82% of sham control value. Whereas there were slight increase in adenylate E.C. after recirculation in 5-hr ischemia group, with the remainders not increasing significantly. The Na+, K+-ATPase activities were not significant statistically among the groups. These results suggest that in order to prevent from the irreversible ischemic brain damage, restoration of blood flow must be accomplished within 3 hours from the onset of the acute focal ischemia in cat.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Brain ; Cats ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Energy Metabolism* ; Guanosine Triphosphate ; Ischemia ; Uridine Triphosphate