This paper represents the clinical observations including the causes of admission and of deaths in pediatric age admitted during Jan. 1971 to Dec. 1975, into the pediatric ward of St. Paul's Hospital, Catholic Medical College located in the east zone of Seoul, covering the middle socio-economical classes in the regional and suburban populations. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Total admissions during 5 year-period were 2005, with the ratio of male to female 1.63/1. 2. In age distribution, the neonates and the infants less than 1year of age occupied 47.5%of total admissions and 65.9% of total deaths. 3. Major leading diseases of admission were bronchitis and pneumonia, gastroenteritis, pre-maturity, tuberculosis and upper respiratory tract infections, in order of incidence. 4. Total deaths were 129 and the mortality rate was 6.4%. 5. Major leading causes of deaths were pneumonia, pre-maturity, tuberculosis, septicemia, in order of incidence. The diseases of higher fatality rate were idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, septicemia, encephalitis and encephalopathy, birth trauma and heart disease. 6. The death occurred within 48 hours after admission was 65.9% of total deaths.
Age Distribution ; Bronchitis ; Cause of Death ; Encephalitis ; Female ; Gastroenteritis ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Inpatients* ; Male ; Mortality* ; Parturition ; Pneumonia ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Seoul ; Sepsis ; Suburban Population ; Tuberculosis

Two cases of Reye's syndrome in an age of 14months and a 3 years female were observed. The laboratory findings revealed increased SGPT, SGOT and hypoglycemia, respectively. Clinical findings were also compatable with this syndrome. In one case, liver biopsy revealed fatty infiltration of the liver cells. A brief review of related literatures was presented.
Alanine Transaminase ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Biopsy ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Liver ; Reye Syndrome*

This paper presents a case of ganglioneuroblastoma in 3-year-old Korean boy which was arised from right adrenal gland. The tumors arising from the ganglion cells of the peripheral nervous system are ganglioneuroma, neurplastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma. We experienced a case of ganglioneuroblastoma recently which was confirmed histologically and excised successfully. Also we made a brief review of literatures.
Adrenal Glands ; Child, Preschool ; Ganglion Cysts ; Ganglioneuroblastoma* ; Ganglioneuroma ; Humans ; Male ; Peripheral Nervous System

PURPOSE: Platelet Rich Plasma(PRP) application is increasing with sinus inlay bone graft, but there is few research with radiographic ananlysis on effect of PRP in maxillary sinus. The author investigated the amount of bony changes of maxillary sinus for dental implantation among the patients with maxillary inlay graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With 10 patients who were treated with sinus inlay autologous bone grafting combined with PRP technique, and with 5 patients who were treated with sinus inlay grafting only without PRP, the panoramic radiographys which were taken at preoperation, immediate postoperation, 3months postoperation, and 4 months postoperation(a month after dental implantation)periods were analysed. The films had been scanned, and then proceeded throughout image analysis system. The bone density of maxillary grafted sites was compared with adjacent tooth enamel density and remeasured according to density luminosity of each film. The density changes on PRP group and bone graft only group were an lysed with non-parameteric statistics method. RESULTS: In PRP combined patients group, bone density on postoperation periods was increased totally. The remarkable enhanced change of bone density was observed on 3 months postoperation period, thereafter the increasing rate was slightly reduced . In only bone graft patients group, bone density on postoperation periods was also increased compared with preoperation period, but the bone density of 4 months postoperation period was decreased compared with 3 months postoperation period. The amount of bone density on PRP group was significantly changed according to periods in contrast to bone graft only group. CONCLUSION: The bone density on PRP group was remarkably increased at 3 months postoperation compared to bone graft only group and it was seemed to be associated with more new bone formation, less grafted bone resorption at bone grafted sites with PRP.
Blood Platelets* ; Bone Density ; Bone Resorption ; Bone Transplantation ; Dental Enamel ; Dental Implantation ; Dental Implants ; Humans ; Inlays ; Maxillary Sinus ; Osteogenesis ; Platelet-Rich Plasma ; Tooth ; Transplants

OBJECTIVE: It has been well known that alcohol can modulate several ligand-gated ion channel and voltage-gated ion channels. But the roles of alcohol in the autonomic neurons still remain unclear. In this study, thus we characterized the neuronal acetylcholine receptor (nnAChRs) and investigated the modulation of nnAChRs by ethanol (EtOH). METHODS: We used whole-cells which were acutely dissociated male rat major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons, and used gramicidin perforated patch clamp techniques. RESULTS: MPG neurons can be classified on the basis of the response of the soma membrane to depolarizing current pulses ; either tonic or phasic neurons. Sympathetic neurons expressing T-type Ca(2+) channels showed tonic firing pattern, while parasympathetic neurons lacking T-type Ca(2+) channels phasic firing to depolarizing current pulses. When hyperpolarizing currents were injected, sympathetic neurons produced post-anodal rebound spikes, while parasympathetic neurons were silent. Under current clamp mode, Acetylcholine (ACh) evoked significant membrane depolarization and produced subsequently marked membrane hyperporization. Under whole-cell mode, application of ACh-induced inward currents held at holding potentials below 0 mV and reversal potential was close to 0 mV, an equilibrium potential of nonselective cation channel. The ACh-activated current was blocked by methyllycaconitine (MLA ; 10 micrometer), hexamethonium (100 micrometer) and alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx ; 100 nM), nAChRs antagonists. EtOH (40 mM) potentiated ACh-induced depolarization and hyperpolarization. EtOH also increased both alpha-BuTx-sensitive and -insensitive ACh-activated currents. Futhermore, EtOH potentiated 5-HT-activated current but had a little effect on GABA-activated current. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that EtOH modulates nnAChRs and 5-HT receptors in MPG neurons.
Acetylcholine ; Animals ; Bungarotoxins ; Carisoprodol ; Ethanol ; Fires ; Ganglia, Autonomic ; Ganglion Cysts ; Gramicidin ; Hexamethonium ; Humans ; Ion Channels ; Male ; Membranes ; Neurons ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Receptors, Nicotinic* ; Receptors, Serotonin

Thirteen patients were operated for cubital tunnel syndrome and followed for an average of 26 months postoperatively. Ten patients had a history of relevant trauma and three patients had degenerative osteoarthritis of the elbow. The average duration of symptoms was 18 months (range, 2 to 96 months). Diagnosis was made by physical examination, electromyography and nerve conduction study. Among these, nerve conduction study was found to be the most valuable diagnostic method for the patients with atypical clinical findings. Most of the operations were performed by anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve. At the most recent follow-up, the result was excellent in two patients, good in eight, and fair in three; thus ten patients(77%) showed satisfactory results. The rating system for ulnar neuropathy based on sensory, motor dysfunction and pain was useful for evaluating the operative results. The postoperative gain of score for pain and sensory function were larger than that of motor function. Factors known to influence the result of the operation (age, duration of symptom, history of trauma, method of operation) did not effect the outcome in this study. For successful operation, the ulnar nerve must be thoroughly examined, all possible levels of compression must be released and new foci of compression must be created.
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome ; Diagnosis ; Elbow ; Electromyography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Methods ; Neural Conduction ; Osteoarthritis ; Physical Examination ; Sensation ; Ulnar Nerve ; Ulnar Neuropathies

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a fibrohistiocytic proliferative disorder predominant in infancy and childhood. It is a benign and transient skin lesion that usually appears in the cephalic area. Recently, the concurrent finding of neurofibromatosis (NF), juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML), and JXG has been repeatedly reported. Especially, the family history of NF may represent a risk factor for the development of JCML in patients with NF and in patients with NF and JXG. So, a finding of JXG and NF in infants should alert the physician to a possible development of JCML. We report a case of JXG developed in a neurofibromatosis child with family history.
Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile ; Neurofibromatoses ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile

Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration of the skin (JLIS) is a well-known but poorly understood disorder. Some doubt still exists about whether it is a distinct disease or a variant of lupus erythematosus or, less commonly, polymorphous light eruption, cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia. An effective therapy is still unavailable for JLIS. We report a patient with JLIS which was successfully treated with dapsone and intermittent systemic glucocorticoid therapy.
Dapsone ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Light ; Skin

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to ascertain whether the positive relationship exists among the frenum length, the tongue movement and the speech and to present the normal range of tongue movement and guidelines for the choice of surgery, observation if necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 180 patients were evaluated. We divided 180 patients into 6 groups by age. Each group was separated as follows; the age of 2.5-4, 5-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, 16-18. We measured the frenal length, the range of tongue motion and evaluated the speech so that we really questioned about the positive relationship between the tongue-tie and speech. We let the patient exercise the protrusive, both(right, left) laterotrusive, superior movement of the tongue. During these movements, we measured the distance between the vermilion border and the tongue tip. We also measured the distance from the tongue tip to the point contacting the upper lip with dorsum of the tongue during the maximal protrusive movement of the tongue. Three linear measurements of the anterior, inferior segment of the tongue, including the lingual frenum, are made. These measurements are as follows: 1. Distance A. Free anterior portion of the tongue from the point of frenular insertion to the tongue tip. 2. Distance B. The distance from the initiating point of the lingual frenum to the point connecting the two sublingual caruncles to the lingual frenum perpendicularly. 3. Distance C. The distance from the point contacting the line crossing the sublingual caruncles with the lingual frenum to the terminating point of the lingual frenum. We transform three linear measures into a statistical ratio, A/(A+B+C), representing the length of the free portion of the tongue compared with the total sublingual dimensions. In addition, we assessed the speech through Picture Consonant Articulation Test (PCAT) and tried to find out the relationship between the length of the lingual frenum and speech. CONCLUSION: As people are born, they have small and restricted tongue. As people grow old, tongue motions are more liberate, and unrestricted and they can speak so freely. Therefore we suggest that until age 5, oral and maxillofacial surgeons postpone the surgery if not urgent, evaluate the maximal lingual motions and PCAT according to this article and observe their changes.
Humans ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Lingual Frenum* ; Lip ; Reference Values ; Tongue*

We have examined 20 tongue-tie patients who had been operated the lingual frenectomy in Department of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Pusan National University for the effect of the lingual frenectomy on the tongue motion and speech, and divided patients into groups by age. Each group was separated as follows ; the age of 5-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, and 16-18. We measured the frenal lengh, the range of tongue motion and evaluated the speech pre- and postoperatively. The preoperative patient groups have larger tongue tips and smaller lingual frenums than normal ones. In the preoperative patient group, there was significant obstacle of the protrusive and superior movement of the tongue. The exception was the laterotrusive movement on both sides. There was the lower value of the Picture Consonant Articulation Test(PCAT) in the preoperative 5 to 6 yearold group compared with normal group. In other age groups, there was no significant difference. The range of postoperative PCAT in all age groups has become as similiar as that of normal group. The 5 to 6 year-old group which had significant difference in PCAT was improved in PCAT. In conclusion, we propose that the PCAT as well as anatomical tongue size and functional tongue movement is the basis of the indication of lingual frenectomy and the 5-6 year-old is the optimal time of the lingual frenectomy for improvement of the tongue movement and the speech.
Busan ; Child ; Humans ; Lingual Frenum ; Surgery, Oral ; Tongue*