PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that have an influence on the pain which patients recognize when receiving an intravenous injection. METHOD: Participants were 111 patients who were admitting to C University Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 11.0 program. RESULTS: For the participants, factors related to administration of medication were the following: Phlebitis scale, who administers the IV injection, failure to complete the IV injection, explaination of the IV injection and rate of injection. Level of pain, depression and anxiety in the participants was as follows: Pain (4.86+/-2.09), depression (35.76+/-9.91), anxiety (32.34+/-8.87). There were positive correlations between pain and depression (r= .437, p< .000), between pain and anxiety (r= .478, p< .000), and between depression and anxiety (r= .544, p< .000). CONCLUSION: Such findings provide new insights into the dynamic relationships between depression, anxiety and pain which patients recognize when having an intravenous injection. Further studies should be conducted to establish the causal relation between depression, anxiety and pain and to determine appropriate nursing interventions.
Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous* ; Nursing ; Phlebitis

Echovirus 30 is one of the distinct serotypes of enteroviruses and commonly isolated agent causing sporadic to large outbreaks with aseptic meningitis in many regions over the world. Recently, an outbreak of echovirus 30 associated with aseptic meningitis occurred in Korea in 2008. In order to analyze echovirus 30 in Korea, the virus was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid samples of a male patient with aseptic meningitis and its genome sequence was determined. The sequence of Korean echovirus 30 isolate was compared with those of reference strains (Bastianni, FDJS03-84, zhejiang-17-03, 14916net87). At the nucleotide level, the P1 region (84.8~89.0%) had the highest identity value; at the amino acid level, the P3 region (97.0~98.5%) showed the highest value. When the cleavage sites were compared, most sites were identical except those between VP1 and 2A; the Bastianni stain had TT/GA, whereas the other four strains contained NT/GA. The China strains (FDJS03-84 and zhejiang-17-03) were grouped together and the other strains were distinct from each branch in the phylogenetic tree based on the complete genome sequences.
China ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Genome ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Sequence Analysis ; Viruses

Echovirus 6 (ECV6) is the prevalent serotype detected in aseptic meningitis cases in Korea. To analyze the genetic variation of ECV6 isolates recently circulating in Korea, we determined the partial sequence of the VP1 capsid gene from 22 Korean ECV6 isolates and performed pairwise analysis against 42 reference strains from the GenBank database using MegAlign. The 22 Korean ECV6 isolates formed 3 distinct genetic clusters: Kor-lineage I, II, and III. The Korean ECV6 strains showed significant genetic diversity with 14.8~22.8% nucleotide divergence among the 3 different lineages. These ECV6 Kor-lineages were demonstrated to belong to different genetic clusters using VP1 sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, implying that the recently circulating Korean ECV6 strains have potential antigenic variation.
Antigenic Variation ; Capsid ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Echovirus 6, Human ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Genetic Variation ; Korea ; Meningitis, Aseptic

BACKGROUND: Cytokeratin 19 is a subunit of cytokeratin intermediate filament expressed in simple epithelia such as respiratory epithelial cells and their malignant counterparts. An immu- noradiometric assay is available to detect a fragment of the cytokeratin, referred to as Cyfra 21-1 in the serum. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical utility of this new marker in the diagnosis of lung cancer compared with established markers of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC Ag) and carcino-embryonic antigen(CEA). In addition, we compared the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of Cyfra 21-1 with those of SCC Ag in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We also measured the level of Cyfra 21-1 in the different stages of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. METHOD: We measured Cyfra 21-1(ELSA-CYFRA 21-1), SCC Ag(ABBOTT SCC RIABEAD) and CEA(ELSA2-CEA) in 79 patients with primary lung cancer and in 78 persons as a comparison group including 32 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 23 patients with benign lung disease and 23 cases with healthy individual. Cyfra 21-1 is measured by a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay(CIS Bio International, France) based on the two-site sandwich method. SCC Ag is measured by a radioimmunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, USA). CEA is measured by a immunoradiometric assay(CIS Bio International, France). All data were expressed as the mean+/-standard deviation. RESULTS: 1) The mean value of Cyfra 21-1 was 18.38+/-3.65 ng/mL in the lung cancer and 1.16+/-0.53 ng/mL in the comparison group(p<0.0001). SCC Ag was 3.53+/-6.06 ng/mL in the lung cancer and 1.19+/-0.5 ng/mL in the comparison group(p<0.01). CEA was 35.03+/-13.9 ng/mL in the lung cancer and 2.89+/-1.01 ng/mL in the comparison group(p<0.0001). 2) Cyfra 21-1 level in squamous cell carcinoma(31.52+/-40.13 ng/mL) was higher than that in adenocarcinoma(2.41+/-1.34 ng/mL)(p<0.0001) and small cell carcinoma(2.15+/-2.05 ng/mL)(p= 0.007). SCC Ag level in squamous cell carcinoma(5.1 +/-7.68 ng/mL) was higher than that in adenocarcinoma(1.36+/-0.69 ng/mL)(p=0.009) and small cell carcinoma/1.1 +/-0.24 ng/mL) (p=0.024). 3) The level of Cyfra 21-1 was not correlated with the progression of stage in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. 4) Using the cut-off value of 3.3ng/mL, the diagnostic sensitivity of Cyfra 21-1 was 83% in squamous cell carcinoma, 22% in adenocarcinoma and 17% in small cell carcinoma. The sensitivity of SCC Ag and CEA were 39% and 20%, respectively in squamous cell carcinoma, 11% and 39% in adenocarcinoma, and 0% and 33% in small cell carcinoma. 5) Comparison of the receiver operating characteristics curves(ROC curve) for Cyfra 21-1, SCC Ag and CEA revealed that Cyfra 21-1 showed highest diagnostic sensitivity among them in the diagnosis of lung cancer. CONCLUSION: Cyfra 21-1 is thought to be a better tumor marker for the diagnosis of lung cancer than SCC Ag and CEA, especially in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Diagnosis ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Intermediate Filaments ; Keratin-19 ; Keratins ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Radioimmunoassay ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary