PURPOSE: Chrysanthemum indicum (CHI) has been used for edible and medical purposes for a long time in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of CHI water extract in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. METHODS: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, CHI extract as a whole plant was used in this study. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations of CHI extract (1, 10, and100 microg/mL). After that Nitric Oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1beta, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression level were measured. RESULTS: CHI extract significantly suppressed the LPS-induced NO production and decreased the level of iNOS, IL-1beta, COX-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression and also the down regulation of PGE2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The present study suggested that CHI extract can be substituted for anti-inflammatory drugs and provide a safe and effective non pharmacological therapeutic approach.
Chrysanthemum* ; Dinoprostone ; Down-Regulation ; Interleukins ; Korea ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Macrophages ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Plants* ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; RNA ; Water*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that have an influence on the pain which patients recognize when receiving an intravenous injection. METHOD: Participants were 111 patients who were admitting to C University Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 11.0 program. RESULTS: For the participants, factors related to administration of medication were the following: Phlebitis scale, who administers the IV injection, failure to complete the IV injection, explaination of the IV injection and rate of injection. Level of pain, depression and anxiety in the participants was as follows: Pain (4.86+/-2.09), depression (35.76+/-9.91), anxiety (32.34+/-8.87). There were positive correlations between pain and depression (r= .437, p< .000), between pain and anxiety (r= .478, p< .000), and between depression and anxiety (r= .544, p< .000). CONCLUSION: Such findings provide new insights into the dynamic relationships between depression, anxiety and pain which patients recognize when having an intravenous injection. Further studies should be conducted to establish the causal relation between depression, anxiety and pain and to determine appropriate nursing interventions.
Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous* ; Nursing ; Phlebitis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the awareness of sexual harassment and the coping behavior of recipients of sexual harassment. This study also assesses the factors that influence the coping behavior of nursing students during clinical practice. METHODS: For this descriptive study, data were collected from November 15 to December 15, 2017. Participants included 221 nursing students recruited from nursing colleges located in three different areas. RESULTS: 22% of the participants answered that they had experienced sexual harassment. Regarding the type of attacker, the majority of attacker was patient (83.7%). The sexual harassment awareness level was 4.22±0.40, the degree of coping for those who experienced sexual harassment was 2.99±0.38. Among the coping behaviors, mitigation (3.48±0.39) was the highest. The factors influencing the coping behavior of recipients of sexual harassment were sexual harassment awareness (β=0.24, p=.016) and satisfaction with preventive education (β=0.45, p < .001). CONCLUSION: In order to make a safe clinical practice environment, it is necessary to develop a practical sexual harassment prevention program, as well as a reporting and support system for the nursing students. Such a program will help students clearly recognize the sexual harassment situation and increase their abilities to cope with sexual harassment appropriately.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Education ; Humans ; Nursing ; Sexual Harassment ; Students, Nursing

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of taro extract on brain resilience in in vitro Parkinson’s disease model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Methods: To induce a neuroinflammatory reaction and the in vitro Parkinson’s disease model, SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 6-OHDA, respectively. After that, cells were treated with at various concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL) of taro extract. Then nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, synaptophysin (SYP) and growth associated protein (GAP)-43 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression level were measured. Results: Taro extract significantly suppressed LPS-induced NO production. Meanwhile, iNOS and IL-6 mRNA expression decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, taro increased the mRNA expression of SYP and GAP-43 mRNA. Conclusion These findings indicate that taro played an important role in brain resilience by inhibiting neuronal cell death and promoting neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity. The results of this study suggest that taro may contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative disease and become a new and safe therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease.

Echovirus 6 (ECV6) is the prevalent serotype detected in aseptic meningitis cases in Korea. To analyze the genetic variation of ECV6 isolates recently circulating in Korea, we determined the partial sequence of the VP1 capsid gene from 22 Korean ECV6 isolates and performed pairwise analysis against 42 reference strains from the GenBank database using MegAlign. The 22 Korean ECV6 isolates formed 3 distinct genetic clusters: Kor-lineage I, II, and III. The Korean ECV6 strains showed significant genetic diversity with 14.8~22.8% nucleotide divergence among the 3 different lineages. These ECV6 Kor-lineages were demonstrated to belong to different genetic clusters using VP1 sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, implying that the recently circulating Korean ECV6 strains have potential antigenic variation.
Antigenic Variation ; Capsid ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Echovirus 6, Human ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Genetic Variation ; Korea ; Meningitis, Aseptic