Objectives: ZZThe purpose of this study is to investigate the interest level, perception and attitude of suicide high-risk group towardthe media’s suicide report, and also to provide the fundamental data in order to strengthen both the standard and the recommendationof media coverage in Korea. Methods: ZZWe analyzed the data from the 2013 The Korea National Suicide Survey. The study included 1500 participants aged between19 and 75 years. The participants were selected through the regional multi-layer stratification method using the sampling frameof the 2010 Census. One-on-one face-to-face interviews investigated the interest level, opinions, and attitudes toward suicide reportsand collected data on past suicide history and demographic data. The collected data were evaluated using multiple logistic regressionanalysis. A probability level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: ZZThe suicide high risk groups with histories of suicidal ideations or attempts showed more interest in suicidal reports [suicidalthought odds ratio (OR) = 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.40–2.34 ; suicidal attempt OR = 3.21, 95% Cl = 1.52–6.78]. However,there was no difference among the groups in thought that suicide reports incite suicide (suicidal thought OR = 1.26, 95% Cl = 0.92–1.73 ; suicidal attempt OR = 0.96, 95% Cl = 0.44–2.09). The suicide high risk groups showed a positive attitude toward suicide reports,but it was not statistically significant (suicidal thought OR = 1.10, 95% Cl = 0.41–2.92 ; suicidal attempt OR = 1.10, 95% Cl = 0.76–1.59). Conclusions ZZWe suggest the need of careful attitude of media suicidal reports not to bring about copycat suicides. and also we offersuicide prevention campaign based on media leverage.

Objectives: ZZThe purpose of this study is to investigate the interest level, perception and attitude of suicide high-risk group towardthe media’s suicide report, and also to provide the fundamental data in order to strengthen both the standard and the recommendationof media coverage in Korea. Methods: ZZWe analyzed the data from the 2013 The Korea National Suicide Survey. The study included 1500 participants aged between19 and 75 years. The participants were selected through the regional multi-layer stratification method using the sampling frameof the 2010 Census. One-on-one face-to-face interviews investigated the interest level, opinions, and attitudes toward suicide reportsand collected data on past suicide history and demographic data. The collected data were evaluated using multiple logistic regressionanalysis. A probability level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: ZZThe suicide high risk groups with histories of suicidal ideations or attempts showed more interest in suicidal reports [suicidalthought odds ratio (OR) = 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.40–2.34 ; suicidal attempt OR = 3.21, 95% Cl = 1.52–6.78]. However,there was no difference among the groups in thought that suicide reports incite suicide (suicidal thought OR = 1.26, 95% Cl = 0.92–1.73 ; suicidal attempt OR = 0.96, 95% Cl = 0.44–2.09). The suicide high risk groups showed a positive attitude toward suicide reports,but it was not statistically significant (suicidal thought OR = 1.10, 95% Cl = 0.41–2.92 ; suicidal attempt OR = 1.10, 95% Cl = 0.76–1.59). Conclusions ZZWe suggest the need of careful attitude of media suicidal reports not to bring about copycat suicides. and also we offersuicide prevention campaign based on media leverage.

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the effect on early visual outcome of corneal cap attachment with brushing after LASIK. METHOD: We studied 40 eyes of 20 patients who received LASIK from April, 1998 to March, 1999. Early visual acuity was measured in the first, second and third day after LASIK between the group that received brushing procedure and the group that didn't. RESULT: The consecutive group that received brushing procedure showed considerable increase in recovery rate of visual acuity compared to the control group that did not receive brushing procedure on the first day (P<0.001), second day (P<0.004) and third day (P<0.005) after LASIK. However, there was no difference of visual acuity between the two groups in one month, three months and six months (P>0.05) after LASIK. CONCLUSION: We think that corneal cap attatchment with brushing helps early visual recovery and further investigation in this study is needed.
Humans ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Visual Acuity

Living-Related-Liver-Transplantation(LRLT) has been established as a reliable method of treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease when the scarcity of cadaveric organ donor was considered. But the hepatic artery is high at risk in thrombosis(HAT) following LRLT. So microsurgical technique was introduced in anastomosis of hepatic artery. This study was aimed at using microsurgical technique in LRLT and presenting some technical details of the procedures. From December 1994 to November 1997, a sereis of 41 LRLTs on patients with end-stage liver disease was performed with follow-up period of 5 to 40 months(mean,15.6 months). Organs were donated by living-related donors(n=36) and living-nonrelated ones(n=5). Hepatic artery was reconstructed with microsurgical technique by plastic surgeon. All hepatic arteries were patent intraoperatively and postoperatively except one case, which had leakage at anastomosed site on the postoperative fourth day.Hepatic artery is high at risk in thrombosis(HAT) following LRLT due to the caliber discrepancy and technical difficulties. To overcome these risks, microsurgical technique was introduced. The technique has greatly reduced arterial complication. However, there are some difficulties in microsurgery of LRLT, which are somewhat different from those in other microsurgery fields: the first difficulty is to obtain a good operative field and a sufficient view through the microscope. The second one is to overcome arterial caliber discrepancy. And the last is to achieve a stable posture in narrow and deep operating field against the respiratory movement and heartbeat.With the persistent team approach of plastic and general surgeons in the field of LRLT, we could have reduced the HAT and have had better outcome after LRLT.
Arteries ; Cadaver ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatic Artery ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; Liver Transplantation* ; Liver* ; Microsurgery ; Posture ; Tissue Donors*

No abstract available.
Incidence

The ischemic preconditioning was initially identified as a protective maneuver induced by brief periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Although ischemic preconditioning can reduce ischemic injury of heart, skeletal muscle and neuronal tissue, it's protective mechanism remains elusive. Recently, several investigations suggest the associations of nitric oxide with protection from ischemic injury. Nitric oxide synthesized by a member of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family has been known to increase or decrease the ischemic injury. The purpose of this study was to observe the expression patterns of NOS 1, NOS 2 and NOS 3 in the rat skeletal muscle after cyclic episodes of short ischemia and reperfusion. Nine and thirty-five weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and cyclic short ischemia and reperfusion groups. The experimental group was further divided into 3 groups based on cycles of short ischemia and reperfusion. For cyclic short ischemia and reperfusion, left commom iliac artery was occluded 3, 6 and 10 times for 5 minutes ischemia followed by 5 minutes reperfusion using rodent vascular clamps. The animals were sacrificed at hours 0, 3, 6, 24 and 72 after reperfusion and the left rectus femoris muscles were removed. The expression profiles and distribution of NOS 1, NOS 2 and NOS 3 were examined with immunohistochemical staining. The results were as follows; In the cyclic of short ischemia and reperfusion groups, the mortality was increased with increasing of cyclic episodes at 72 hours after reperfusion, and aging. In the control group, NOS 1, NOS 2 and NOS 3 immunoreactivities showed no differenes with aging. In the 9 weeks-old rats, NOS 1 immunoreactivities were observed moderate at 24 hours after 6 times of short ischemia and reperfusion, and moderate and strong at 24 hours after 10 times of short ischemia and reperfusion. In the 35 weeks-old rats, NOS 1 immunoreactivities were observed trace or mild at 24 hours after 6 and 10 times of short ischemia and reperfusion. At 3 hours after 3 times of short ischemia and reperfusion, NOS 2 immunoreactivities were observed moderate or strong, and trace in the 9 and 35 weeks-old rats, respectively. At 3 hours after 10 times of short ischemia and reperfusion, NOS 3 immunoreactivities were observed mild or moderate, and trace or negative in the 9 and 35 weeks-old rats, respectively. In summary, the expression profile of NOS 1, NOS 2 and NOS 3 were observed differently with increasing episodes of short ischemia and reperfusion. The alteration was the most prominent in NOS 3 than in NOS 1 and NOS 2. These results suggest that the alteration of NOS 3 known to protect tissue against ischemic injury may be associated with increasing mortality after multiple episodes of short ischemia and reperfusion.
Aging ; Animals ; Heart ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Ischemia* ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Male ; Mortality ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Muscles ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitric Oxide* ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion* ; Rodentia

PURPOSE: Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy(DMD/BMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations of dystrophin genes. The purpose of the present study is to determine the frequency and the patterns of dystrophin gene deletions and to investigate the correlation of genotypes and phenotypes. METHODS: There were included a total of 89 children(88 boys and 1 girl) diagnosed as DMD/BMD by immunohistochemistry and/or genetic analysis from 1999 to 2003 at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. We analyzed the genomic DNA by multiplex PCR using a 26 dystrophin exon primer set. Direct sequencing was performed on 23 exons(in which point mutations were detected in other previous reports) in 22 patients without deletions. Phenotype and genotype relationship analysis was performed on the basis of retrospective clinical reviews. RESULTS: The frequency of dysmorphin gene deletions was 54%(32/59), which is lower than that of European and American data. Exon deletions were detected in 59 cases and the deletion "hot spots" were exon 44-54 constituting 80% of all deletions. In 6 cases without detectable deletions, 6 point mutaions(3 nonsense mutations and 3 nucleotide variants) were detected. The patients whose deletions were in the central parts or the patients with multiple exon deletions tended to show earlier symptom onsets and more rapid progressions of weakness but there were no statistical significances. CONCLUSION: Since deletions in dystrophin genes were detected in about 50% of the patients, studies on dystrophin protein expressions using muscle biopsy samples must be done for correct diagnosis.
Biopsy ; Codon, Nonsense ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; Dystrophin* ; Exons ; Gene Deletion ; Genotype ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Molecular Biology* ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Muscular Dystrophies* ; Phenotype ; Point Mutation ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul

PURPOSE: Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy(DMD/BMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations of dystrophin genes. The purpose of the present study is to determine the frequency and the patterns of dystrophin gene deletions and to investigate the correlation of genotypes and phenotypes. METHODS: There were included a total of 89 children(88 boys and 1 girl) diagnosed as DMD/BMD by immunohistochemistry and/or genetic analysis from 1999 to 2003 at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. We analyzed the genomic DNA by multiplex PCR using a 26 dystrophin exon primer set. Direct sequencing was performed on 23 exons(in which point mutations were detected in other previous reports) in 22 patients without deletions. Phenotype and genotype relationship analysis was performed on the basis of retrospective clinical reviews. RESULTS: The frequency of dysmorphin gene deletions was 54%(32/59), which is lower than that of European and American data. Exon deletions were detected in 59 cases and the deletion "hot spots" were exon 44-54 constituting 80% of all deletions. In 6 cases without detectable deletions, 6 point mutaions(3 nonsense mutations and 3 nucleotide variants) were detected. The patients whose deletions were in the central parts or the patients with multiple exon deletions tended to show earlier symptom onsets and more rapid progressions of weakness but there were no statistical significances. CONCLUSION: Since deletions in dystrophin genes were detected in about 50% of the patients, studies on dystrophin protein expressions using muscle biopsy samples must be done for correct diagnosis.
Biopsy ; Codon, Nonsense ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; Dystrophin* ; Exons ; Gene Deletion ; Genotype ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Molecular Biology* ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Muscular Dystrophies* ; Phenotype ; Point Mutation ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul

Background/Aims: Because weight control is important in treatment of type 2 diabetes, it is essential to understand the associations between weight change and the risk of microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes. We examined whether weight changes early after new-onset diabetes have an impact on the clinical outcomes of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Methods: Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort database, 181,872 patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who were free of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) during 2007 to 2012 were followed to the end of 2016. Weight change was defined as the difference in body weight from the time of diabetes diagnosis to 2 years later. Results: We identified 180 cases of ESRD and 780 cases of PDR followed up for a median of 5.5 years from the index year at 2 years after diagnosis. Those with 5% to 10% weight gain showed a significantly higher hazard ratio (HR) for ESRD, compared with those with ≤ 5% weight change after adjusting for several confounding factors, including the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (HR, 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 2.70). Those with ≥ 10% weight loss showed the lowest HR for PDR (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.83), whereas those with ≥ 10% weight gain showed the highest HR for PDR (HR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.51 to 4.08). Conclusions Weight gain after new-onset diabetes was associated with increased risk of ESRD and PDR whereas weight loss with decreased risk of PDR, but not ESRD.

Background/Aims: Because weight control is important in treatment of type 2 diabetes, it is essential to understand the associations between weight change and the risk of microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes. We examined whether weight changes early after new-onset diabetes have an impact on the clinical outcomes of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Methods: Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort database, 181,872 patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who were free of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) during 2007 to 2012 were followed to the end of 2016. Weight change was defined as the difference in body weight from the time of diabetes diagnosis to 2 years later. Results: We identified 180 cases of ESRD and 780 cases of PDR followed up for a median of 5.5 years from the index year at 2 years after diagnosis. Those with 5% to 10% weight gain showed a significantly higher hazard ratio (HR) for ESRD, compared with those with ≤ 5% weight change after adjusting for several confounding factors, including the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (HR, 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 2.70). Those with ≥ 10% weight loss showed the lowest HR for PDR (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.83), whereas those with ≥ 10% weight gain showed the highest HR for PDR (HR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.51 to 4.08). Conclusions Weight gain after new-onset diabetes was associated with increased risk of ESRD and PDR whereas weight loss with decreased risk of PDR, but not ESRD.