PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated shear bond strengths of surface treatment porcelains with four porcelain repair systems simulating intraoral bonding of composite resin to feldspathic porcelain or pressable porcelain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty Porcelain disks were prepared. Group A: forty disk specimens were fabricated with Feldspathic Porcelain(Omega(R)900, Vident, Menlo Park, CA, USA). Group B: forty disk specimens were fabricated with Pressable Porcelain(IPS Empress 2 ingot, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein, Germany). Each groups was divided into 4 subgroups and composite resin cylinders were bonded to specimen with one of the following four systems: Clearfil Porcelain Bond(L. Morita, Tustin, CA, USA), Ulradent Porcelain Etch.(Ultradent, Salt Lake City, UT, USA), Porcelain Liner-M(Sun Medical Co., Kyoto, Japan), Cimara Kit(Voco, Germany). After surface conditioning with one of the four porcelain repair systems, substrate surfaces of the specimen were examined microscopically(SEM). Shear bond strengths of specimens for each subgroup were determined with a universal testing machine (5mm/min crosshead speed) after storing them in distilled water at 37+/-1 degrees C for 24 hours. Stress at failure was measured in MPa, and mode of failure was recorded. Differences among four repair systems were analyzed with two way ANOVA and Duncan test at the 95% significance level. RESULTS: In the scanning electron photomicrograph of the treated porcelain surface, hydrofluoric acid etched group appeared the highest roughness. The shear bond strength of the phosphoric acid etched group was not significantly(p>0.05) different between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain. But in no treatment and roughened with a bur group, the shear bond strength of the feldspathic porcelain was significantly higher than that of the pressable porcelain. In hydrofluoric acid etched group, the shear bond strength of the pressable porcelain was significantly higher(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: 1. Treatment groups showed significantly greater shear bond strengths than no treatment group(p<0.05). 2. Group with more roughened porcelain surface did not always show higher shear bond strengths. 3. In phosphoric acid etched group, there was no significant difference in shear bond strength between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain(p>0.05). However in the other groups, there were significant differences in shear bond strengths between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain(p<0.05).
Dental Porcelain* ; Hydrofluoric Acid ; Lakes ; Liechtenstein ; Water

Most of the basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are effectively treated using standard conventional therapeutic modalities, but the complete removal of the tumor is difficult if the subclinical extension of BCCs is deep and wide. These difficulties are solved by Mohs micrographic surgery which provides the highest possible cure rates and the lowest normal tissue loss. Mohs micrographic surgery is an ideal method for the treatment of skin cancer in that it provides unsurpassed cure rates and maximum preservation of normal tissue by complete surgical margin control. We studied 40 patients with 40 basal cell carcinomas (22 primary, 18 recurrent) treated by Mohs micrographic surgery from January, 1992 through October, 1995 at Dong-A University Hospital. We evaluated the depth and lateral margins of excision by Mohs microgrphic surgery according to the anatomic locations, histologic type, size, and primary/recurrent state of basal cell carcinomas. There was no recurrence during follow-up period up to 3 years. We can draw the guidelines for complete surgical margin control out of our results. The guidelines are as follows. 1. The frist excision should be done with lateral safety margin of 2 mm in primary BBCs. 2. The frist excision should be done with lateral safety margin of 4 mm in recurrent BBCs. 3. The frist excision should be done with lateral safety margin of 4 mm in longer than 15 mm-sized BBCs. 4. The additional excision should be done with the every 2 mm lateral safety margin until the tumor completely removed. 5. The frist excision should be done with the surgical depth to periosteum, perichondrium especially in BBCs on nose.
Carcinoma, Basal Cell* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mohs Surgery* ; Nose ; Periosteum ; Recurrence ; Skin Neoplasms

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relative workload via a global positioning system (GPS) unit that was related to noncontact injuries in the lower extremities of college football player. Methods: Data were collected from 18 players who were enrolled in a university football team using a GPS unit during competitions. The noncontact injury in the lower extremities were recorded for each competition by well-trained medical practitioners. Players’ ratio of acute to chronic workload (ACWR) of each GPS variable was calculated by dividing the most recent 1 week (acute) workload by the prior 4 weeks (chronic) workload. The ACWR in the time of player’s injury (injury-related block) was compared to the time before the injury-related block (preinjury block) and from the beginning of the data collection to the point of injury (total injured average), and the end of the data collection (total non-injured average). Results: Eight players suffered 12 injures, indicating that an incidence rate was 13.28 injuries per 100 athlete exposures. Injured player had a higher ACWR of repeated high-intensity effort bouts (RHIE) and work-rest ratio (WRR) in the injury-related block compared to the preinjury block (F=3.151, p=0.039 and F=7.577, p=0.001, respectively). Also, they had a higher ACWR of maximal velocity (MV) in the injury-related block and total injured average compared to total non-injured average (F=5.592, p=0.004). Conclusion This study illustrated that the high ACWR in RHIE, WRR, and MV in the injury-related block may be related to noncontact injuries in the lower extremities of college football player. Many questions remain, but the results of this study may provide coaches and staffs in college football with useful quantitative information on preventive approach to sports-related injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of shoe lift to the unaffected limb on hemiplegic gait after stroke. METHOD: Three dimensional gait analysis was performed in 20 chronic hemiplegic patients with shoe lifts (5, 10, 15 mm) to the unaffected limb. The order of experimental series was randomized among subjects. Temporal gait parameters were measured and compared according to the height of shoe lifts in the affected and unaffected limbs. RESULTS: The stride time of both limbs and step time of the affected limb were decreased, and stride length of both limbs and step length of unaffected limb were increased after shoe lift apply (p<0.05). Thus walking velocity and cadence were increased. In gait cycle, there was decreased double limb support phase of affected limb (p<0.05). These improvement of gait patterns of hemiplegics was maximum after shoe lift of 10 mm height. CONCLUSION: Weight bearing with shoe lift may contribute to improved postural control and gait performance in hemiplegics. Furthermore, the study about long-term effects of shoe lifts to the unaffected limb may be necessary.
Extremities* ; Gait Disorders, Neurologic ; Gait* ; Humans ; Shoes* ; Stroke* ; Walking ; Weight-Bearing

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula and neck according to the classification of forward head posture (FHP), round shoulder posture (RSP) and forward head with round shoulder posture (FHRSP). Methods: Scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula, and neck strength were measured according to the FHP and RSP alignment classification for male college students. Scapular alignment was confirmed by measuring acromial depression, scapular lateral displacement, and scapular acromion distance. Muscle strength was measured during isometric contraction of upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and neck muscles. Results: Acromial depression was significantly greater in the FHP (7.20±1.02 cm) than in the RSP group (5.60±1.26 cm) and FHRSP (5.26±1.75 cm) (p＜0.05). The strength of the UT was significantly greater in the FHRSP (1.12±0.12 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.87±0.19 N/BW), and the strength of the LT was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.04 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.15±0.03 N/BW) and RSP (0.15±0.04 N/BW) (p＜0.05). The LT:UT ratio was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.05) than in the FHRSP (0.15±0.02) (p＜0.05). Conclusion UT strength was higher in RSP subjects with scapular elevation accompanied by FHP than in those with FHP alone. And LT strength and the LT:UT ratio were higher in subjects withno abnormalities in postural alignment. We suggest that these results can serve as a reference for evaluation and intervention according to postural alignment in clinical practice.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula and neck according to the classification of forward head posture (FHP), round shoulder posture (RSP) and forward head with round shoulder posture (FHRSP). Methods: Scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula, and neck strength were measured according to the FHP and RSP alignment classification for male college students. Scapular alignment was confirmed by measuring acromial depression, scapular lateral displacement, and scapular acromion distance. Muscle strength was measured during isometric contraction of upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and neck muscles. Results: Acromial depression was significantly greater in the FHP (7.20±1.02 cm) than in the RSP group (5.60±1.26 cm) and FHRSP (5.26±1.75 cm) (p＜0.05). The strength of the UT was significantly greater in the FHRSP (1.12±0.12 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.87±0.19 N/BW), and the strength of the LT was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.04 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.15±0.03 N/BW) and RSP (0.15±0.04 N/BW) (p＜0.05). The LT:UT ratio was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.05) than in the FHRSP (0.15±0.02) (p＜0.05). Conclusion UT strength was higher in RSP subjects with scapular elevation accompanied by FHP than in those with FHP alone. And LT strength and the LT:UT ratio were higher in subjects withno abnormalities in postural alignment. We suggest that these results can serve as a reference for evaluation and intervention according to postural alignment in clinical practice.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula and neck according to the classification of forward head posture (FHP), round shoulder posture (RSP) and forward head with round shoulder posture (FHRSP). Methods: Scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula, and neck strength were measured according to the FHP and RSP alignment classification for male college students. Scapular alignment was confirmed by measuring acromial depression, scapular lateral displacement, and scapular acromion distance. Muscle strength was measured during isometric contraction of upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and neck muscles. Results: Acromial depression was significantly greater in the FHP (7.20±1.02 cm) than in the RSP group (5.60±1.26 cm) and FHRSP (5.26±1.75 cm) (p＜0.05). The strength of the UT was significantly greater in the FHRSP (1.12±0.12 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.87±0.19 N/BW), and the strength of the LT was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.04 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.15±0.03 N/BW) and RSP (0.15±0.04 N/BW) (p＜0.05). The LT:UT ratio was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.05) than in the FHRSP (0.15±0.02) (p＜0.05). Conclusion UT strength was higher in RSP subjects with scapular elevation accompanied by FHP than in those with FHP alone. And LT strength and the LT:UT ratio were higher in subjects withno abnormalities in postural alignment. We suggest that these results can serve as a reference for evaluation and intervention according to postural alignment in clinical practice.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula and neck according to the classification of forward head posture (FHP), round shoulder posture (RSP) and forward head with round shoulder posture (FHRSP). Methods: Scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula, and neck strength were measured according to the FHP and RSP alignment classification for male college students. Scapular alignment was confirmed by measuring acromial depression, scapular lateral displacement, and scapular acromion distance. Muscle strength was measured during isometric contraction of upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and neck muscles. Results: Acromial depression was significantly greater in the FHP (7.20±1.02 cm) than in the RSP group (5.60±1.26 cm) and FHRSP (5.26±1.75 cm) (p＜0.05). The strength of the UT was significantly greater in the FHRSP (1.12±0.12 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.87±0.19 N/BW), and the strength of the LT was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.04 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.15±0.03 N/BW) and RSP (0.15±0.04 N/BW) (p＜0.05). The LT:UT ratio was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.05) than in the FHRSP (0.15±0.02) (p＜0.05). Conclusion UT strength was higher in RSP subjects with scapular elevation accompanied by FHP than in those with FHP alone. And LT strength and the LT:UT ratio were higher in subjects withno abnormalities in postural alignment. We suggest that these results can serve as a reference for evaluation and intervention according to postural alignment in clinical practice.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula and neck according to the classification of forward head posture (FHP), round shoulder posture (RSP) and forward head with round shoulder posture (FHRSP). Methods: Scapular alignment, muscle strength around the scapula, and neck strength were measured according to the FHP and RSP alignment classification for male college students. Scapular alignment was confirmed by measuring acromial depression, scapular lateral displacement, and scapular acromion distance. Muscle strength was measured during isometric contraction of upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and neck muscles. Results: Acromial depression was significantly greater in the FHP (7.20±1.02 cm) than in the RSP group (5.60±1.26 cm) and FHRSP (5.26±1.75 cm) (p＜0.05). The strength of the UT was significantly greater in the FHRSP (1.12±0.12 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.87±0.19 N/BW), and the strength of the LT was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.04 N/BW) than in the FHP (0.15±0.03 N/BW) and RSP (0.15±0.04 N/BW) (p＜0.05). The LT:UT ratio was significantly greater in the control group (0.20±0.05) than in the FHRSP (0.15±0.02) (p＜0.05). Conclusion UT strength was higher in RSP subjects with scapular elevation accompanied by FHP than in those with FHP alone. And LT strength and the LT:UT ratio were higher in subjects withno abnormalities in postural alignment. We suggest that these results can serve as a reference for evaluation and intervention according to postural alignment in clinical practice.

PURPOSE: An laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is being increasingly performed for benign gallbladder disease. Accordingly, gallbladder carcinomas have been increasingly reported in patients after undergoing an LC. This study aims to reveal the clinicopathological features and prognosis of gallbladder carcinomas found after an LC. METHODS: Between April 1994 and March 2007, 2714 patients underwent an LC and 1.5% of the patients were diagnosed histologically as having a gallbladder carcinoma. We retrospectively evaluated the clinicopathological features and long-term survival of the patients. RESULTS: There were 19 male patients and 21 female patients, with a mean age of 60.7 degrees+/-12.3 years. The indications for LC included acute calculous cholecystitis, chronic calculous cholecystitis and polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLGs). An LC only was performed in 26 patients (13 pT1a, 7 pT1b and 6 pT2 cases) while additional surgery including gallbladder bed resection and lymph node dissection was performed in 14 patients (2 pT1a, 2 pT1b, 8 pT2 and 2 pT3 cases). The patients with a carcinoma associated with PLGs were younger, had more incidence of pT1a and had well differentiated carcinomas and a better 5-year survival rate as compared to patients with a non-polypoid carcinoma. Whereas no recurrences or deaths occurred for the 24 pT1 patients, two of the 14 pT2 patients had a recurrence. Both pT3 patients had a recurrence despite additional surgery. In patients with pT2 or more, additional surgery did not improve survival (p = 0.82). CONCLUSION: The polypoid morphology of gallbladder carcinoma, but not additional surgery, favorably affects survival of gallbladder carcinoma patients following an LC. However, a further multi-institutional study may be needed to determine the benefit of additional surgery.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Cholecystitis ; Female ; Gallbladder Diseases ; Gallbladder* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Node Excision ; Male ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate