PURPOSE: This study was done to explore the correlation among mobile phone overuse, mental health and school adaptation, and to identify factors related mobile phone overuse. METHODS: A questionnaire was filled out by 943 elementary school students from 3rd to 6th grade in the cities of Busan and Ulsan. Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 12.0 program were used to analyze the collected data. RESULTS: Mobile phone overuse in the elementary school students was positively correlated with mental health, and negatively correlated with school adaptation. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed the factors as school grade, gender, depression, anxiety, learning adaptation, adaptation to friends and adaptation rules significantly accounted for 23% of the variance for mobile phone overuse. The most significant factor influencing overuse of mobile phone was school grade. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that early screening and intervention programs for students with low mental health and low school adjustment would be helpful in preventing future mobile phone overuse.
Anxiety ; Busan ; Cellular Phone* ; Depression ; Friends ; Humans ; Learning ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Ulsan

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the experience of Korean graduate nursing students' stressor, response, and coping. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 37 students using broad, open-ended questions. Individual demographics were also collected. Focus Group Research was used to investigate the experience of these graduate nursing students. Data were gathered through audio taped interviews and analyzed using the Collazzi method. RESULTS: The findings related to stressors revealed 5 major themes (loading related to study, conflicts with hospital and occupation, difficulty of home management, destruction of biorhythm, loading of economy and pay for photocopying) and 15 relevant subthemes. The findings related to responses revealed 4 major themes (negative change in body, negative change in mental state, negative emotion and response about family, psychosocial loading - and 32 relevant subthemes. The findings related to coping revealed 12 major themes; for example, social support, interpretation positively, self disclosure, devoted study, temporary avoidance - and 16 relevant subthemes. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that nurses, hospitals, and other graduate schools should continue to develop of stress management programs and their linkages with more comprehensive integrated health delivery system.
Demography ; Focus Groups* ; Humans ; Nursing ; Occupations ; Periodicity ; Self Disclosure ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the needs for pediatric palliative care (PPC) among parents of children with complex chronic conditions (CCCs) and to investigate differences in the needs for PPC according to their general characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March 28 and May 18, 2018. Parents (N=96) who had a child under 18 years with a CCC were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The overall average need for PPC was 3.58±0.33 out of 4.00. In terms of care for the subjects' children, the highest need was physical care, followed by psychosocial and spiritual care. In the sub-dimensions, preservation of physical function received the highest score. Of the items, the highest need was for seizure control. In terms of care for the subjects themselves, the highest need was for psychosocial care, followed by bereavement and spiritual care. In the sub-dimensions, communication received the highest score. Of the items, the highest need was for smooth communication with medical staff. Differences in needs for PPC according to participants' general characteristics were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Medical staff should provide PPC according to the priorities of parents' perceived needs.
Bereavement ; Child* ; Chronic Disease ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Medical Staff ; Needs Assessment ; Palliative Care* ; Parents* ; Seizures

OBJECTIVE: We compared the expression pattern of progesterone receptor, integrin 3, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in in-phased endomerium of patient with the disease related implantation and control group, and tried to confirm the clinical efficacy of the immunohistochemical markers for discrimination of occult uterine receptivity defect in in-phase endometrium. STUDY DESIGN: Endometrial tissues were obtained from 60 women with normal (group 1; n = 20), uterine synechiae (group 2; n = 15), and endometriosis (group 3; n = 25). On 7 ~ 8 days after ovulation (POD 7 ~ 8), sex hormone levels were measured and immunohistochemical staining of PR, integrin 3, and COX-2 expression were performed. RESULTS: PR was decreased in the group 2 and increased in the group 3 comparing with the group 1. integrin 3 expression was significantly decreased in the group 2 and 3. COX-2 expression was significantly decreased in the group 2. But, in the group 3, COX-2 expression was slightly increased in glandular epithelial cells, and significantly increased in stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS: In-phase biopsies from patients with endometriosis and uterine synechiae showed different expression pattern of integrin 3, COX-2, and PR compared to the control. The aberrant expression of immunohistochemical markers be associated with occult uterine receptivity defect and produce the useful diagnostic method.
Biopsy ; Cyclooxygenase 2* ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Endometriosis ; Endometrium* ; Epithelial Cells ; Female ; Gynatresia ; Humans* ; Ovulation ; Progesterone* ; Receptors, Progesterone* ; Stromal Cells

OBJECTIVES: To develop a new immunohistochemical marker system for supplementation of the Noyes histological classification of the endometrium in women of child bearing age with regular menstrual cycles, and to employ this system to evaluate pathologic factors involved in endometriosis, and thus to ascertain if it is useful in diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endometrial biopsies were sampled from the posterior fundus of 41 (24 proliferative phases, 17 secretory phases) women with regular menstrual cycles (28-32 days), and each sample was immunhistochemically stained according to Noyes et al (1975) for determination of expression for extrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receter(PR), integrin alpha1, alpha4, beta3, COX-1 and COX-2. Then, the PR, the integrin beta3, and COX-2 which were clearly expressed in the luteal phase was with endometrial samples were obtained from 20 cases of normal patients (group 1) and 25 cases with endometriosis (group 2) after confirming the day of ovulation by sex steroid level measurements 7-8 days after ovulation. RESULTS: In the regular menstruation group the expression of ER showed a tendency to be increased in the proliferative phase and decreased in the secretory phase, and was the highest in the proliferative phase. However, PR in the stromal cells showed no change in the entire menstrual cycle while in the epithelial cells, PR reached a peak in the late proliferative phase and was almost absent in the secretory phase. Integrin alpha 1, alpha4, and beta3 expression in the epithelial cells was absent in the proliferative phase but alpha1 was expressed strongly in the early and mid secretory phases and disappeared in the late proliferative phase, while beta3, appeared after the mid secretory phase and continued to be expressed until the late secretory phase. Expression in the stromal cells was weak overall and did not show any cyclic pattern. COX-1 expression was shown as a cyclic pattern in the stromal and epithelial cells and was partcularly strongly expressed in the mid secretory phase of epithelial cells, and in the mid secretory and menstruation phase of stromal cells. In the endometrial epithelial cells there was strong expression during the entire cycle with stronger expression in the secretory phase compared to the prolferative phase. COX-2 was clearly expressed in the late proliferative, early and mid secretory phased in the stromal cells. No expression was observed in the proliferative phase of the epithelial cells, but which began to appear in the early secretory phase reaching a significant pattern from the mid secretory phase onwards. There was almost no expression in the stromal cells. In the cases with endometriosis showing normal endometrial maturation according to the Noyes classification, PR expression was increased while Integrin-beta3 expression was significantly decreased compared to the normal group. Also, COX-2 expression was slightly decreased in the stromal cells of patients with endometriosis while it was significantly increased in the stromal cells. CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemical markers can supplement the original Noyes classification of histological endometrial dating and therefore ascertain existing pathologic conditions. Particularly for patients with endometriosis with normally mature endometrial cells, changes in COX-2 and integrin expression patterns may assist in elucidating pathophysiologic mechanisms and therefore aid in the diagnosis of abnormal implantation conditions, and consequently determine a treatment modality.
Biopsy ; Child ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Endometriosis* ; Endometrium* ; Epithelial Cells ; Female ; Humans* ; Integrin alpha1 ; Integrin beta3 ; Luteal Phase ; Menstrual Cycle ; Menstruation ; Ovulation ; Progesterone* ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases* ; Receptors, Progesterone* ; Stromal Cells

The use of autologous tissue transfer for breast augmentation is an alternative to using foreign implant materials. The benefits of this method are the removal of unwanted fat from other body parts, no risk of implant rupture, and the same feel as real breast tissue. However, sometimes there is a dilemma about whether or not to biopsy for calcifications or masses detected after the procedure is completed. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the procedures of breast augmentation with autologous tissues, the imaging features of various complications, and the role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of complications and hidden breast diseases.
Biopsy ; Breast ; Breast Diseases ; Female ; Human Body ; Mammaplasty ; Mammography ; Rupture

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify multidimensional factors influencing burnout in intensive care unit(ICU) nurses. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected during February 2016 from a convenience sample of 222 tertiary hospital ICU nurses and analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Burnout correlated positively with compassion fatigue (CF)(r=.37, p < .001), and negatively with compassion satisfaction (CS)(r=-.66, p < .001). The regression model explained 57% of the variance in burnout. For individual characteristics in the model, perceived health status (β=-.27, p < .001) and gender (β=.14, p=.028) were the most influential factors for ICU nurses' burnout. In the model with added work-related characteristics, nursing environment (β=-.22, p=.001), perceived health status (β=-.20, p=.001), and satisfaction with department (β=-.19, p=.007) were the most influential factors. Finally, for the model with psychological characteristics added, CS (β=-.56, p < .001) and CF (β=.35, p < .001) were the most influential factors. CONCLUSION: Results reveal that most ICU nurses have a moderate level of CF and a moderate to high level of CS and burnout, and that individual, work-related and psychological factors are relevant in ICU nurses' burnout. Programs or interventions to reduce burnout should be developed taking into account these multidimensional factors.
Compassion Fatigue ; Critical Care ; Empathy ; Intensive Care Units ; Nursing ; Personal Satisfaction ; Psychology ; Tertiary Care Centers

OBJECTIVE: To compare between the American College of Radiology (ACR) accreditation phantom and digital mammography accreditation phantom in assessing the image quality in full-field digital mammography (FFDM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In each week throughout the 42-week study, we obtained phantom images using both the ACR accreditation phantom and the digital mammography accreditation phantom, and a total of 42 pairs of images were included in this study. We assessed the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in each phantom image. A radiologist drew a square-shaped region of interest on the phantom and then the mean value of the SNR and the standard deviation were automatically provided on a monitor. SNR was calculated by an equation, measured mean value of SNR-constant coefficient of FFDM/standard deviation. Two breast radiologists scored visible objects (fibers, specks, and masses) with soft-copy images and calculated the visible rate (number of visible objects/total number of objects). We compared SNR and the visible rate of objects between the two phantoms and calculated the k-coefficient for interobserver agreement. RESULTS: The SNR of the ACR accreditation phantom ranged from 42.0 to 52.9 (Mean, 47.3 +/- 2.79) and that of Digital Phantom ranged from 24.8 to 54.0 (Mean, 44.1 +/- 9.93) (p = 0.028). The visible rates of all three types of objects were much higher in the ACR accreditation phantom than those in the digital mammography accreditation phantom (p < 0.05). Interobserver agreement for visible rates of objects on phantom images was fair to moderate agreement (k-coefficients: 0.34-0.57). CONCLUSION: The ACR accreditation phantom is superior to the digital mammography accreditation phantom in terms of SNR and visibility of phantom objects. Thus, ACR accreditation phantom appears to be satisfactory for assessing the image quality in FFDM.
Accreditation ; *Breast ; Female ; Humans ; *Mammography ; *Phantoms, Imaging ; *Radiographic Image Enhancement ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Societies, Medical

OBJECTIVE: To assess the advantages, disadvantages, applicability, and complications of operative laparoscopy in ovarian pathologic lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case series which compares 354 patients who had laparoscopic surgery at Ajou University Hospital from June, 1994 to September, 2001 for ovarian pathology. RESULTS: The patient's ages ranged from 13 to 77 years, and their mean age was 30.9 years. Most of the lesions were less than 7 cm in size and unilateral. The operations performed were cystectomy in 225 cases (63.6%), salpingooophorectomy, oophorectomy, salpingectomy and fenestration or biopsy in order. Operative times were between 10 and 240 minutes (mean: 74.2 minutes). Pathologic examinations of unilateral ovarian tumors were performed in 305 cases. The most common pathology of unilateral ovarian tumor was teratoma (107/305, 35.1%), endometrioma and cystadenoma in order. Malignancies were found in 4 cases including borderline malignancy (1.3%). Pathologies of bilateral ovarian tumor were endometrioma (31/41, 75.6%), teratoma, and fibroma in order. Postoperative hospital stays were from 0 days to 19 days (mean: 2.5 days). There were 7 surgical complications including 3 vessel injury related hematomas, 1 abscess formation, and 3 exploratory laparotomy. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that operative laparoscopy was useful in surgery of ovarian lesions, if there are carefully selected patients, standard procedures, and skilled laparoscopic surgeons.
Abscess ; Biopsy ; Cystadenoma ; Cystectomy ; Endometriosis ; Female ; Fibroma ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Laparotomy ; Length of Stay ; Operative Time ; Ovariectomy ; Pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Salpingectomy ; Teratoma

PURPOSE: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disorder characterized by the proliferation of activated Langerhans cells. Although current therapies are very effective at inducing remission, multiple recurrences and long-term sequelae are common for young patients. For this reason, more effective therapies based on the pathogenesis of LCH are needed. We investigated the use of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA), a purine analogue with an antiproliferative effect on histiocytes and lymphocytes, in patients with recurrent or refractory LCH. METHODS: Four children with recurrent or refractory LCH received 2-CdA (5~7 mg/m2/day for 5 days, given as a 24-hr continuous infusion and repeated every 21~28 days for 5~7 courses). RESULTS: All four patients had multiorgan involvement, and were heavily pretreated. Of the two children with recurrent diseases, one had complete response and the other showed no active disease except for the remaining diabetes insipidus. Two infants who showed poor early response to previous combination chemotherapy also responded poorly: partial response in one, and progressive disease resulting in death in the other. Toxicity consisted mainly of myelosuppression, but significant infections did not occur. The peripheral neuropathy was not seen. CONCLUSION: 2-CdA, tolerable in children without significant side effects, might be effective for the treatment of recurrent LCH in children. However, the efficacy in infants with multi-system, refractory diseases needs further study. The feasibility of 2-CdA treatment as the first-line therapy for high-risk diseases, and the possibility of combination with other agents needs to be addressed in the future.
Child* ; Cladribine* ; Diabetes Insipidus ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Histiocytes ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell* ; Humans ; Infant ; Langerhans Cells ; Lymphocytes ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Recurrence