Hantavirus is a genus of the Bunyaviridae family consisting following serotype groups: Hantaan, Seoul, Puumala, Prospect Hill, Thailand, Belgrade, Thotta palayam, Sin Hombre. Most of Hantavirus group have been associated with many clinically similar disease known collectively as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Hantaan virus is the prototype of the genus hantavirus, originally isolated from Apodemus agrarius. Bat was found as a natural host for Hantaan virus in Lee's lab for the first time. Then, Hantaan-like virus was isolated Hantaan-like virus from bat. To identify hantaviruses that are present in Korea among bats, bats were collected from Jeong-Sun, Won-Joo, Chung-Ju and Hwa-Cheon area, RNA was isolated from lung and serum. RT-PCR was performed with a universal primer from M segment. Nested RT-PCR was carried out to differentiate Hantaan, Seoul and Puumala virus using serotype specific primers. As we expected, Hantaan viruses were detected in bats and Seoul virus was not detected. Interestingly, Puumala viruses were also detected in bats from won-Ju, but not in other areas. Puumala virus is originally isolated from Clethrinomys glareolus, and cause light HFRS. Recently, Paradoxomis webbiana, a wild bird turn out to be a reservoir for Puumala virus in Korea. These data indicate that bat is a new natural reservoir of Puumala virus.
Animals ; Birds ; Bunyaviridae ; Chiroptera* ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Gangwon-do ; Hantaan virus* ; Hantavirus ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; Humans ; Korea* ; Lung ; Murinae ; Puumala virus ; RNA ; Seoul ; Seoul virus ; Thailand

OBJECTIVES: This study is to compare psychopathology and their perceived parental rearing pattern of the children of mothers with major depression, bipolar disorder and those of normal control group. The correlation was also assessed between behavior problem and perceived parenting style. METHODS: The subjects were 30 children (age range 12-18) of mothers who met the DSM-IV criteria of major depressive disorder or bipolar I disorder and 30 children of normal mother group. All completed self-report questionnaires containing Child, adolescent Behavior Problem Checklist (K-CBCL), Youth Self Report (YSR) and Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). RESULTS: 1) The mean score of the subscales of somatic complaints, anxious/depressed, internalizing problems in K-CBCL was significantly higher in the control subjects compared with that of the children of mothers with affective disorders (p<0.05). 2) In YSR, there was a tendency of increased behavior problems among the children of mothers with major depression compared with the control subjects. Compared with children of mothers with bipolar disorder, children of mothers with major depression had significantly more behavior problems (p<0.05). 3) Mothers with affective disorders tended to display less caring and fathers and mothers with affective disorders tended to display more overprotective parenting style than the control subjects. 4) There was positive correlation between paternal overprotection and behavior problems in the children of mothers with affective disorders. CONCLUSION: In summary, the author identified that the children of mothers with affective disorders have more behavior problems in social adjustment than normal control subjects. Parental rearing style is thought to have more negative influence on the children of mothers with affective disorders than normal control. It is surmised that less caring and more overprotective rearing style could influence behavior problems of their children.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Bipolar Disorder ; Checklist ; Child ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Fathers ; Humans ; Mood Disorders* ; Mothers* ; Parenting ; Parents ; Psychopathology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Report ; Social Adjustment

This study aims to find factors that affect variations in cesarean section frequency rates among OBGY clinics in Metropolitan areas. The factors include patient, medical supplier characteristics and economic factors. This study is a cross-sectional analysis using health insurance delivery claims from July to December 2000 and files of the NHIC(national health insurance corporation). Multiple regression was used to analyze the dependent variable of cesarean section frequency rate at each clinic. The results are as follows : Cesarean section frequency rate is increasing in proportion to the number of the following patients : repeated caesarean section, disproportion, obstructed labour, fetal distress, emergency caesarean section and self-employed patients. There are geographic variations as well. Cesarean section frequency rates are higher in Inchon and Gyonggi province than in Seoul. The higher number of total delivery the clinic has, the lower rate of cesarean section it has. Clinics with high frequency rates in 1999 showed higher rates the next year. Further research is required to develop evidence based delivery modes and change strategies for increasing normal delivery and activating midwife clinics.
Cesarean Section* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fetal Distress ; Humans ; Incheon ; Insurance, Health ; Midwifery ; Pregnancy ; Seoul ; Small-Area Analysis

Tuberculosis remains high incidental disease in Korea with an estimated incidence of 2.5% in generalpopulation. Among the tuberculosis of bone, spinal tuberculosis is high incidence and curable disease, but earlytreatment demands early diagnosis. Authors reviewed clinical aspects of 376 cases, and reviewed conventional filmsof 74 cases and CT of 8 cases, confirmed histopathologically as spinal tuberculosis from Jan. 1976 to May 1985 atYonsei medical center, Yonsei University. The results were as follows: 1. The frequent site of involvement werelower thoracic and lumbar vertebra, 4th lumbar vertebra was the most common lesion site among them. 2. Theseperated lesions were 10.2% among spinal lesion. 3. The most common type and pattern of bone density wasintervertebral type and mixed pattern each other. 4. Paravertebral abscess, kyphosis and narrowing ofintervertebral disc space were discovered more than 80% in reviewed conventional films. 5. In children, there isno predilection site. 6. Spinal CT was more accurate diagnostic method than conventional study in the evaluationof following aspects: 1) extent of lesion 2) degree of spinal canal involvement 3) changes of surrounding organ.
Abscess ; Bone Density ; Child ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Kyphosis ; Methods ; Spinal Canal ; Spine ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Spinal

No abstract available.
Capsid Proteins* ; Capsid* ; Genome*

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: As aging progresses, the number of patients with cognitive impairment also increases. Cognitive function is not generally correlated with diet, and there is debate over that association. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake and cognitive function among adults aged 50 years or older. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Between July 2017 and March 2018, 324 adults aged over 50 years from Gwangju Sun-Han hospital participated in a dietary survey. The frequency of food intake and related information were collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) and determining the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) level for 276 participants. The association between dietary intake and cognitive function was assessed by performing logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Depending on the MMSE score, the participants' age, education level, inhabitation status, medications, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, physical activity, and short geriatric depression scale score were significantly different (P < 0.05). Moreover, those participant characteristics were associated with either decreased or increased odds ratios (OR) for the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Based on analysis of the participants' intake of 112 detailed food items, which were categorized into 20 food types, intakes of cooked white rice (< 2 times/day compared with ≥3 times/day) (P < 0.05), properly cooked rice with other grains and legumes (P < 0.001), fruits (P < 0.05), milk (low fat and normal) (P = 0.044), liquid-type yogurt (P = 0.019), and curd-type yogurt (P = 0.015) were found to significantly decrease the OR for the risk of MCI. CONCLUSIONS: Associations were significant between the risk of MCI and the intake of certain food types. Specifically, a moderate intake of cooked white rice and an adequate intake of whole grains, fruits, milk, and dairy products were associated with reduced risks of MCI among adults aged over 50 years.
Adult* ; Aging ; Alcohol Drinking ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders ; Dairy Products ; Depression ; Diet* ; Eating ; Education ; Fabaceae ; Fruit ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mild Cognitive Impairment* ; Milk ; Motor Activity ; Odds Ratio ; Whole Grains ; Yogurt

PURPOSE: Goggles are frequently worn in the sport of swimming and are designed to form a seal around the periorbital tissue orbit. The resultant pressure on the eye may have the potential to affect intraocular pressure and blood flow of the optic nerve head. This study evaluates the influence of wearing swimming goggles on intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood flow of the ocular nerve head (ONH) in normal subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy participants took part in this study. The IOP of each participant was measured using a Goldmann tonometer. Measurements were taken immediately before putting on swimming goggles, at 5, 10, 30, and 60 minutes after putting on swimming goggles, and then immediately after taking off the goggles. Blood flow of the ONH was measured using the Heidelberg retinal flowmeter. RESULTS: The average IOP before, during and after wearing the swimming goggles were 11.88 +/- 2.82mmHg, 14.20 +/- 2.81 mmHg and 11.78 +/- 2.89mmHg, respectively. The IOP increased immediately after putting on the goggles (p < 0.05) and then returned to normal values immediately after removal (p > 0.05). Blood flow of the ONH was 336.60 +/- 89.07 Arbitrary Units (AU) before and 319.18 +/- 96.02 AU after the goggles were worn (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A small but significant IOP elevation was observed immediately after the swimming goggles were put on. This elevated IOP was maintained while the goggles were kept on, and then returned to normal levels as soon as they were taken off. Blood flow of the ONH did not change significantly throughout the experiment. These facts should be considered for safety concerns, especially in advanced glaucoma patients.
Adult ; Eye Protective Devices/*adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; *Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Optic Disk/*blood supply ; Regional Blood Flow ; *Swimming ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of consumer's subjective health literacy on health information websites acceptance and empowerment. METHODS: Data were collected from people who had used health information website. Theoretical model was developed based on TAM(Technology Acceptance Model), and structural equation modeling(SEM) using Lisrel 8.5 was applied to test the relationship of hypotheses. RESULTS: The final trimmed model resulted in a proper solution that exhibited adequate fit. This study supported that consumer's subjective health literacy was found to have a significant effect on empowerment by using health information websites. CONCLUSION: This study showed the use of health information website is worthy of strengthening of consumer's empowerment, which can be expected to contribute to patient's active participation in health management.
Health Literacy* ; Models, Theoretical ; Power (Psychology)*

OBJECTIVE: With improvement in endoscopic visualization and surgical tools, several minimally invasive procedures such as transpedicular fixation, interbody fusion, or decompression have advocated their respective advantages. But all these procedures are developed separately and are not related to other techniques. The authors utilize these procedures as organized procedure like comprehensive conventional procedure. This study is designed to study early results of minimally invasive decompression, interbody fusion, and endoscopic pedicle screw fixation. METHODS: We utilized minimally invasive decompression, interbody fusion, and endoscopic pedicle screw fixation on 12 consecutive patients(9 female, 3 male, mean age 54.8 years). For decompression, unilateral laminectomy and controlateral laminar undercutting was performed through tubular retractor, and interbody fusion(PLIF or TLIF) was done with one cage and bone packing. Pedicle screw fixation was done using expandable tubular retractor under endoscopic visualization and fluoroscopic guidance. Contralateral screw fixation was done with the same manner. RESULTS: There were five spinal stenosis and seven degenerative spondylolisthesis. All patients received one level (L4-5) decompression, interbody fusion, and fixation. Mean operating time was 245.8 minutes. There was dural tear in one patient. All patients were excellent or good with average follow up of 7.2 months. Bone fusion was not evident due to short-term follow-up, but there were no instability or screw loosening. CONCLUSION: Although it is small series and has short-term follow-up, this study demonstrates that minimally invasive decompression, interbody fusion, and pedicle screw fixation are feasible and effective.
Decompression* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Male ; Spinal Fusion ; Spinal Stenosis ; Spondylolisthesis

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous pleurisy treatment improve symptoms such as fever, chest pain, cough, and prevents the progression to active pulmonary tuberculosis and the development of residual pleural thickening that decrease diaphragm and rib cage movement. This study investigated how the degree of residual pleural thidkening affects the pulmonary function. METHODS: Fifty seven patients who were initially diagnosed as having tuberculous pleurisy, were treated with anti-tuberculous medication for 6 months and had residual pleural thickening between May 1998 and January 2000 at the Eulji university hospital were reviewed. A chest X-ray and pulmonary function test(PFT, Sensormedics 2200) were perfored. The predicted value (%) of the forced vital capacity(FVC), forced inspiratory vital capacity(FIVC) and total lung capacity(TLC) were measured. The residual pleural thickening was defined the average of the summation in the lateral chest at the level of the imaginary line intersecting from the cardiophrenic angle to the diaphragmatic dome and the lowest part of the costophrenic angle between them. The results were sorted into three grades according to pleural thickness; <2mm(grade I), 2~10mm(grade II), 10mm(grade III). RESULTS: 1. FVC(% pred) and FIVC(% pred) were statistically different between grade I and III, and II and III. However, there was no difference between the TLC(% pred) between each of the groups. 2. The pleural thickness that cause restrictive dysfunction(FVC<80%) and a statisticall difference, is 3 mm. CONCLUSION: The larger the extent of the residual pleural thickness after antituberculous medication, the greater the reduction in the FVC, FIVC, TLC. A pleural thickness of 3 mm is recommended as a guideline for diagnosing a restrictive pulmonary dysfunction.
Chest Pain ; Cough ; Diaphragm ; Fever ; Humans ; Lung ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Ribs ; Thorax ; Tuberculosis, Pleural* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary