No abstract available.
De Lange Syndrome*

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) on the oxygen saturation level and behavioral state of preterm infants during tube feeding. METHODS: This study was performed prospectively in the NICU, Chonbuk National University Hopspital from November, 2004 through April, 2005. Preterm infants of gestational age 28 to 37 weeks, who had neither major congenital defects interfering feeding nor respiratory difficulty needing ventilatory support, were included. A total of 64 subjects were divided randomly into the control group (n=32), and the non-nutritive sucking (NNS) group (n=32). The patients in each group were tested for changes in oxygen saturation and behavioral state at 3 different times; 2 minutes before, during, and 2 minutes after feeding. RESULTS: The oxygen saturation of the NNS group increased during feeding and gradually decreased after feeding while the control group decreased during feeding and increased slightly after feeding (P<0.001). During feeding, the "quiet awake" state was observed more frequently in the NNS group and the "crying" state was observed more frequently in the control group. During the post-feeding assessment, the "sleep" state was more frequent in the NNS group and the "crying" state was more frequent in the control group. CONCLUSION: The infants in the NNS group showed significantly higher oxygen saturation level and they were less fussy during tube feeding and slept better after feeding.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Jeollabuk-do ; Oxygen* ; Prospective Studies

No abstract available.
Anemia, Hemolytic* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Vitamin E* ; Vitamins*

We performed a retrospective cohort study including people diagnosed with diabetes from 2006 to 2015 according to the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database, to analyze the changes in the prevalence, screening rate, and treatment patterns for diabetic retinopathy (DR) over 10 years. The proportion of people who underwent fundus screening for DR steadily increased over the past decade. The prevalence of DR increased from 13.4% in 2006 to 15.9% in 2015, while that of proliferative DR steadily decreased from 1.29% in 2006 to 1.16% in 2015. The proportion of patients undergoing retinal photocoagulation constantly decreased. The prevalence of DR increased over the past decade, while its severity seemed to have improved, with a decreased rate of proliferative DR and retinal photocoagulation. A higher proportion of patients underwent ophthalmic screening using fundus examination, but still less than 30% of patients with diabetes underwent comprehensive examination in 2015.

We performed a retrospective cohort study including people diagnosed with diabetes from 2006 to 2015 according to the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database, to analyze the changes in the prevalence, screening rate, and treatment patterns for diabetic retinopathy (DR) over 10 years. The proportion of people who underwent fundus screening for DR steadily increased over the past decade. The prevalence of DR increased from 13.4% in 2006 to 15.9% in 2015, while that of proliferative DR steadily decreased from 1.29% in 2006 to 1.16% in 2015. The proportion of patients undergoing retinal photocoagulation constantly decreased. The prevalence of DR increased over the past decade, while its severity seemed to have improved, with a decreased rate of proliferative DR and retinal photocoagulation. A higher proportion of patients underwent ophthalmic screening using fundus examination, but still less than 30% of patients with diabetes underwent comprehensive examination in 2015.

The syndromes of left atrial isomerism and right atrial isomerism, called polysplenia and asplenia syndromes, respectively, consist of congenital heart defects with disturbances in normal left right isometry, and the etiology of atrial isomerism remains unclear. Right atrial isomerism is traditionally associated with severe cardiac defects, especially complete atrioventricular septal defect, transposition of great arteries, pulmonary atresia, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Recently, we encountered one case of asplenia diagnosed by prenatal ultrasonography. We report a case with brief review of the literatures.
Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heterotaxy Syndrome ; Isomerism ; Pulmonary Atresia ; Scimitar Syndrome ; Transposition of Great Vessels ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal*

BACKGROUND: Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation often provoke an undesirable increase in blood pressure and heart rate. This response may be exaggerated in patients with essential hypertension. We compared the effect of administration of remifentanil and alfentanil on the hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation in patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Forty patients with essential hypertension were allocated into two groups. The remifentanil group received 0.5micro g/kg remifentanil followed by an infusion of 0.25microg/kg/min remifentanil. The alfentanil group received 10microg/kg alfentanil intravenously. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and vecuronium, and was maintained with 2 vol% sevoflurane with 100% oxygen. Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were performed 3 min after vecuronium administration. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured in patients after arrival at the operating room and before and after intubation. RESULTS: The systolic and mean blood pressure after intubation showed significantly higher values in the alfentanil group of patients than in the remifentanil group of patients. There was no significant difference in blood pressure measured at baseline and after intubation in the remifentanil group of patients, but blood pressure showed significantly higher values after intubation in the alfentanil group of patients. Heart rate showed significantly higher values after intubation than at baseline in each group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the administration of 0.5micro g/kg remifentanil followed by an infusion of 0.25microg/kg/min remifentanil attenuated the pressor response to endotracheal intubation more significantly than the administration of 10microg/kg alfentanil in patients with essential hypertension.
Alfentanil ; Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngoscopy ; Methyl Ethers ; Operating Rooms ; Oxygen ; Piperidines ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide

BACKGROUND: There were several studies for the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux associated with the laryngeal mask airway(LMA), but the results of those studies were much different much different from one another. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation of gastric contents between the LMA and the endotracheal tube(ETT). METHOD: Ninety patients scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery with a standardized general anesthetic technique were randomly allocated to receive either a LMA(n-49) or a ETT(n=41) for airway management. The esophageal manometry was carried out for the exclusion of esophageal motility disorders and the 24-hour ambulatory pH metry was done from one day before the operation. A methylene blue(50mg) capsule was swallowed just before the induction and the simultaneous recordings of pH were maintained during anesthesia. At the end of anesthesia, the episodes of regurgitation of gastric contents above hypopharynx were analyzed by the pharyngeal blue staining and the pH metric data were analyzed for the detection of gastroesophageal relux episodes during anesthesia. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the incidence of gastroesophageal relux(pH< or =4) between two groups; only two patients in LMA and three patients in ETT had reflux episodes during the removal or arousal phase. There was no episode of the pharyngeal blue staining in both group. All of the gastroesophageal reflux patients in both group developed a cough or straining during those phases. There was no clinical evidence of aspiration of gastric contents in both group. CONCLUSION: In comparison with ETT, use of LMA does not appear to increase the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation above hypophryngeal level in positive pressure ventilating patients during long surgical procedures. Therefore, the risk of aspiration in LMA will not be much more than ETT.
Airway Management ; Anesthesia ; Arousal ; Cough ; Esophageal Motility Disorders ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypopharynx ; Incidence ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Manometry ; Masks* ; Orthopedics

This study was conducted to reduce children's fat intake and to establish healthy dietary lifestyles. To achieve these goals, we searched, collected, and analyzed the materials related to the fat education, based on which the research personnel-professors and graduate students in nutrition and child education and elementary school teachers- discussed to figure out major topics, objectives, and detailed contents and activities appropriate for fat intake reduction. We also organized an advisory committee composed of 15 professionals in related fields to discuss the adequacy and validity of the specific contents. Finally, we systematically organized the contents and developed children's textbooks and teacher's guidebooks. Considering the different cognitive development stages of junior and senior elementary students we developed two different textbooks for each of them which are easy to read and understand, fun to play with lots of activities, and designed to practice into daily life. The contents cover three major topics-the concept of lipid, lipid in food, lipid in life and are composed of 6 units in total. To help teachers understand and and to instruct, teacher's guidebooks contain an overview of the education, specific information and practical guidelines for each class. We developed these education materials with the aim of lowering children's fat consumption and eventually promoting their health welfare; hopefully we expect these materials would be useful for children's nutritional education in the field.
Advisory Committees ; Child ; Humans ; Life Style

The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) had gradually been declining all over the world, but in recent years, TB has been increasing due to the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). When immune-suppression status deteriorates further, extrapulmonary TB generally appears more often. Abdominal TB is one type of extra-pulmonary TB, which may involve the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes or solid viscera. We encountered a case who had initially been diagnosed as having abdominal TB, had progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome and was eventually confirmed as having developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In cases of coinfection of TB and HIV, it is reported that immunological responses become poor and complications with higher morbidity frequently occur. Therefore, the Korean guidelines for TB should be revised to ensure whether HIV infection exists in TB patients.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome* ; Coinfection ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Peritoneum ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; Tuberculosis* ; Viscera