A rare case of spinal epidural granulocytic sarcoma (GS) preceding acute myelogenous leukemia is described. A 10-year-old boy presented with lower leg weakness. The initial diagnosis was a histiocytic lymphoma, and he was treated accordingly. No evidence of bone marrow involvement was found at that time. The correct diagnosis of epidural GS was made possible in retrospect by using immunoperoxidase staining for lysozyme fourteen months later when the patient showed the full-blown features of leukemia. This rare tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an epidural mass with cord compression in patients with or even without acute leukemia, because early diagnosis followed by appropriate combined chemotherapy and radiation may obviate surgical intervention and eventually prevent leukemic transformation.
Child ; Epidural Neoplasms/*complications/pathology ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Leukemia, Myeloid/*complications/pathology ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/*complications/pathology ; Male ; Neoplasms, Second Primary

PURPOSE: To report the ophthalmic manifestations of neurofibromatosis in Korea. METHODS: Ophthalmologic examinations were performed from November 2001 to January 2008 for 153 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with neurofibromatosis according to the diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis. A retrospective analysis was performed according to the medical records of these 153 patients. RESULTS: Seventy seven out of the 153 patients were men, 76 were women and the mean age was 20.44 +/- 14.34 years old. One hundred twelve were neurofibromatosis type 1 and six were neurofibromatosis type 2. Remained thirty five were segmental neurofibromatosis type 1. Ophthalmic manifestations of the neurofibromatosis type 1 were Lisch nodule (52.68%), high myopia (14.29%), plexiform neurofibroma in the orbit (4.46%), cafe au lait spots (4.46%) and optic glioma (3.58%). In the neurofibromatosis type 2, epiretinal membrane (33.33%) showed highest incidence and posterior subcapsular opacity (16.67%), Lisch nodule (16.67%), optic disc edema (16.67%), and optic nerve glioma (16.67%) were also noted. Lisch nodule (25.71%) was the most common ophthalmic finding in segmental neurofibromatosis type 1. CONCLUSIONS: Lisch nodule, which was the most common manifestation of the neurofibromatosis type 1, was less manifested in our cases compared to the previous reports of western countries. In the neurofibromatosis type 2, epiretinal membrane and posterior subcapsular cataract showed higher incidence than those of other types of neurofibromatosis.
Cafe-au-Lait Spots ; Cataract ; Edema ; Epiretinal Membrane ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Medical Records ; Myopia ; Neurofibroma, Plexiform ; Neurofibromatoses ; Neurofibromatosis 1 ; Neurofibromatosis 2 ; Optic Nerve Glioma ; Orbit ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the suction time in forming the corneal flap with microkeratome on the corneal flap thickness. METHODS: Thirty porcine eyes were randomly assigned into 3 groups according to suction duration: group 1(10 sec), group 2(35 sec) and group 3(60 sec). The Hansatome microkeratome with 160 plate and a suction ring with 8.5mm diameter were used to create corneal flap. The thickness of central cornea was measured with automated ultrasound pachymeter before the procedure. And after making the flap, the remained corneal thickness was measured with the same method. Then, the difference between the two values was thought to be the corneal flap thickness. RESULTS: The mean corneal flap thickness in group1, 2, and 3 were 91.0+/-24.1 micromiter, 110.1+/-8.9 mu m and 127.2+/-6.1 mu m, respectively. The difference was significant among the three groups(p=0.010), and the longer suction duration made the flap thicker. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that in forming the corneal flap with microkeratome, the suction duration has an effect on the corneal flap thickness and an increase of suction duration makes the flap thicker in porcine eyes.
Cornea ; Suction* ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Perinatal mortality rates have been used as a summary statistic for evaluating child health and medical status. Neonatal mortality rates have decreased over the past 30 years in Korea. To understand the current status of neonatal surgical gastrointestinal diseases in Daegu?Busan area, we have studied about neonatal gastrointestinal diseases with their clinical features, postoperative outcome, and mortality rates. METHODS: A clinical analysis on 202 neonates who underwent neonatal surgery from January 1996 to July 2003 at Pusan National University, Kyungpook National University, Youngnam University, and Daegu Catholic University was carried out. RESULTS: The main diseases of surgical conditions were anorectal malformation (23.8%), atresia/ stenosis of midgut (13.4%) and pyloric stenosis (13.4%). The male to female ratio was 2.8:1. Thirty-five cases (17.0%) had one or more associated anomalies including congenital heart disease, cryptoorchidism, hydronephrosis, and chromosomal anomaly. Twenty cases (10.0%) were diagnosed by antenatal ultrasound. Patients with esophageal atresia had the longest hospitalization for 54.6 days. Postoperative complications occurred in 18 cases (8.9%). The main postoperative complications were wound infection (3.5%) and anastomotic leakage (2.5%). Overall mortality was 5.9%. Diaphragmatic hernia showed the highest mortality rate (37.5%), and esophageal atresia (28.6%) and omphalocele (20.0%) were followed. CONCLUSION: The current status of neonatal surgical gastrointestinal diseases in Daegu?Busan area has improved because the disease categories are various, postoperative complications and mortality rates are decreased.
Anastomotic Leak ; Busan ; Child ; Child Health ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Daegu ; Esophageal Atresia ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Diseases* ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Hernia, Diaphragmatic ; Hernia, Umbilical ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Male ; Mortality ; Perinatal Mortality ; Postoperative Complications ; Pyloric Stenosis ; Ultrasonography ; Wound Infection

PURPOSE: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in children needs to be elucidated in terms of clinical characteristics, natural history, the most effective treatment and prognostic factors, as the disease is very rare and its definition and classification has not reached a consensus by many physician. This study was aimed to describe the characteristics and the disease courses of Korean children with MDS, and to analyze the usefulness of prognostic scoring systems in the prediction of transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and overall survival among subgroups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen children with MDS seen at Chonnam University Hospital and additional 59 patients identified by the review of Korean literature were evaluated to define clinical characteristics and disease courses. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) probability of leukemic transformation and overall survival were plotted. FAB subtypes, subgroups by Boumemouth Scoring System (BSS), and International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) risk groups were compared to predict transformation to AML and overall survival. RESULTS: The median age of 14 patients was 36.5 months. The sex ratio was 3.7:1 (M: F). The frequency of FAB subtypes in Korea was similar to that of other countries except for higher proportion of RA (37%). K-M 3-yr probability of AML transformation and survival for Korean patients were 54.7%, and 49.8%, respectively. Although FAB system, BMS and IPSS were all capable of discriminating subgroups in the prediction of AML transformation and survival, they did not reach the significant level possibly due to small number of patients assigned to each subgroup. CONCLUSION: The clinical characteristics of Korean children with MDS were not different from those of other countries. This study showed the high rate of AML transformation and poor survival in children with MDS.
Child ; Classification ; Consensus ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Korea ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes* ; Natural History ; Prognosis ; Sex Ratio

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect on the growth rate of orbital volume of those who received enucleation or evisceration with or without implants, according to different sizes and operation periods. METHODS: The subjects comprised 47 patients who had previously undergone evisceration or enucleation. The volumes of both anophthalmic and normal orbit were measured from CT scans of patients and compared. The relationship between the orbital volume growth rate and the operation at young age with different size implants or operation without implants was evaluated. RESULTS: Five groups, divided by age at operation, were evaluated. Four groups comprising under 12 years of age, had a significant delay in orbital volume growth development (p<0.05). Three groups, divided by size of implants, were evaluated and 17 mm or smaller sized orbital implants showed significant orbital volume growth retardation (p<0.05) CONCLUSIONS: The effect of early enucleation on orbital volume growth should be considered in patients younger than 12 years old. Furthermore, during the operation, implants with sizes larger than 18mm should be used to prevent the retardation of orbital volume growth.
Anophthalmos ; Child ; Humans ; Orbit* ; Orbital Implants ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Sumoylation, the conjugation of a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein to a target, has diverse cellular effects. However, the functional roles of the SUMO modification during myogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that basal sumoylation of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) enhances the deacetylation of MyoD in undifferentiated myoblasts, whereas further sumoylation of HDAC1 contributes to switching its binding partners from MyoD to Rb to induce myocyte differentiation. Differentiation in C2C12 skeletal myoblasts induced new immunoblot bands above HDAC1 that were gradually enhanced during differentiation. Using SUMO inhibitors and sumoylation assays, we showed that the upper band was caused by sumoylation of HDAC1 during differentiation. Basal deacetylase activity was not altered in the SUMO modification-resistant mutant HDAC1 K444/476R (HDAC1 2R). Either differentiation or transfection of SUMO1 increased HDAC1 activity that was attenuated in HDAC1 2R. Furthermore, HDAC1 2R failed to deacetylate MyoD. Binding of HDAC1 to MyoD was attenuated by K444/476R. Binding of HDAC1 to MyoD was gradually reduced after 2 days of differentiation. Transfection of SUMO1 induced dissociation of HDAC1 from MyoD but potentiated its binding to Rb. SUMO1 transfection further attenuated HDAC1-induced inhibition of muscle creatine kinase luciferase activity that was reversed in HDAC1 2R. HDAC1 2R failed to inhibit myogenesis and muscle gene expression. In conclusion, HDAC1 sumoylation plays a dual role in MyoD signaling: enhancement of HDAC1 deacetylation of MyoD in the basally sumoylated state of undifferentiated myoblasts and dissociation of HDAC1 from MyoD during myogenesis.
Creatine Kinase, MM Form ; Gene Expression ; Histone Deacetylase 1 ; Histone Deacetylases ; Histones ; Luciferases ; Muscle Cells ; Muscle Development ; Myoblasts ; Myoblasts, Skeletal ; Sumoylation ; Transfection

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on intraocular pressure under general anesthesia. METHODS: Contact tonometer HA-1 (Kowa, Japan) was used to measure the intraocular pressures of 22 subjects at zero end-expiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure of 15 cmH2O under general anesthesia. The data were statistically analyzed by paired t-test. RESULTS: There is no statistically significant difference between intraocular pressure of zero end-expiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure of 15 cmH2O in a population with normal basal ocular tonometry. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure of 15 cmH2O under general anesthesia dose not present a clinically important significant risk for intraocular pressure increase in a population with normal basal ocular tonometry.
Anesthesia, General* ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Positive-Pressure Respiration* ; Respiration, Artificial* ; Tonometry, Ocular

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a pulmonary disorder that exhibits various radiographic findings. It often shows bilateral, patched, or ground glass interstitial infiltrate, but a solitary nodular pattern rarely appears. We report a case of an 8-year-old boy suffering from BOOP that showed a single nodular pattern of the lung in the chest radiography. We conclude that when there is a solitary nodule discovered in the lungs of children or adolescence, the differential diagnosis must include BOOP.
Adolescent ; Bronchiolitis ; Bronchiolitis Obliterans ; Child ; Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Glass ; Humans ; Lung ; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule ; Stress, Psychological ; Thorax

BACKGROUND: The sniffing position is recommended for optimal glottic visualization under direct laryngoscopy. However, there is no study assessing whether sniffing position is superior to a neutral position during lightwand-guided intubation. This prospective, randomized study was performed to compare facilitation of lightwand-guided intubation between the sniffing and neutral positions. METHODS: The study included 180 patients with normal cervical spines requiring tracheal intubation for elective surgery. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: neutral or sniffing position. Mallampati class, mouth opening distance, thyromental distance, and laryngeal view grade were measured. A lightwand railroaded with an endotracheal tube was bent 90degrees at 5 cm from the distal end for both groups. Time to intubation, success rate and intubation time for the first attempt, hydrodynamic changes, and BIS values were recorded. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in time to intubation, success rate and intubation time of the first trial, hydrodynamic changes, or BIS values between the two positions. CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of the sniffing position does not provide any advantage over the neutral position during lightwand-guided intubation.
Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Imidazoles ; Intubation ; Laryngoscopy ; Mouth ; Nitro Compounds ; Prospective Studies ; Railroads ; Spine