The development of CT scanning has revolutionized the role of radiology in the management of the pediatric head trauma. The procedure is safe and can be repeated to reassess a changing neurologic picture, thereby correlation the clinical and pathologic changes. This study included evaluation of CT of 178 infants and children with head trauma during the period of 31 months from Feb. 1979 to Aug. 1981 in the department of radiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University. 1. Age distribution of the total 178 pediatric patients was ranging from one month to 16 years. The pediatric patient population was comprised of 128 males and 50 females, and its male to female ratio was about 2.5:1. The incidence of age occurring in 3 to 6 years was 38.2% and 7 to 10 years was29.2%. Therefore the distribution of age between 3 to 6 years and 7 to 10 years was occurred in two-thirds of allpediatric patients. 2. Of all cases of injuries, traffic accidents were 60.1% and falls were 34.8%. 3. Skull fractures were roentgenographically detected in 61 (34.3%). However, the incidence of fractures in pretoddler group (0-2 years) was 61.1% and 7 to 10 years was 37.8%, 3 to 6 years was 36.8%. Most common site of skull fracture was occipital bone, next parietal bone. 4. 54.8% of pediatric head trauma due to a fall had a skull fracture, as did25.2% of those who were injured in traffic accident. 5. Cerebral CT of the total 178 pediatric patients were revealed as following study; Normal was 74.2%, epidural hematoma was 8.9%, subdural hematoma was 5.1%, Cerebral contusion was 4.5%, intracerebral hematoma was 2.2% etc. 6. Of 25 cases of the epidural and subdural hematoma, Supratentorial area was 15 cases, infratentorial area was 10 cases. 7. Most of the epidural hematoma was demonstrated a clear mental state. 8. However, intracerebral hematoma and cerebral contusion were occurred almost impairment of mental state.
Accidental Falls ; Accidents, Traffic ; Age Distribution ; Child ; Contusions ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Female ; Head ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Occipital Bone ; Parietal Bone ; Skull Fractures ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

CT is a new non-invasive diagnostic imaging method, which has ability to differentiate D.S.F., hematoma, and even edematous brain from normal brain tissue. Prior to the introduction of the CT, the diagnosis of the intraventricular hemorrhage in living patients was difficult and was confirmed by surgery or autopsy. Intracranial hemorrhages are visible on the CT with density higher than brain tissue in acute phase. CT is an accurate method for detecting of intraventricular hemorrhage including detection of nature, location, amount, and associated changes. CT is also useful as a surgical guidance and in the evaluation of fate of the hematomas by easily performable follow up studies. The causes of the intraventricular hemorrhages are hypertension, rupture of aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, head trauma, brain tumor, and others. This study included evaluation of CT of 69 patients who show the high density in cerebral ventricular system during the period of 31 months fromFeb.1979 to Aug. 1981 in the department of radiology, college of medicine, Hanyang University. The results were as follows. 1. Age distribution of the total 69 patients was broad ranging from 1 month to 80 years. 28% of patients were in the 6th decade. The male to female ratio was 2:1. 2. The consciousness of patients at CT study: Those were conscious in 11 cases, stuporous in 41 cases and unconscious in 17 cases. 3. The causes of intraventricular hemorrhages were hypertension in 28 cases, head trauma in 12 cases, aneurysm in 4 cases, tumor in 2 cases and others in 23 cases. 4. 9 cases showed intraventricular hematomas only, other 60 cases showed associated intracranial hematomas: Those were intracerebral hematomas in 53 cases including 30 cases of basal ganglial & thalamic hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhages in 17 cases, epidural hematomas in 3 cases, and subdural hematomas in2 cases. 5. All cases of the intraventricular hematomas except one showed hematoma in the lateral ventricles, hematomas in the 3rd ventricle in 35 cases, and hematomas in the 4th ventricle in 29 cases. 6. 28 out of 69 cases showed dilatation of the lateral ventricles. 7. Only 8 out of 69 cases were improved remarkably, 11 cases were slightly improved, and 48 cases were expired. The overall mortality was 70%. 8. The consciousness of the patient at the CT study and possibly the associated intracerbral hematoma play an important role in mortality. The age of the patients, causes of hemorrhages, presence of ventricular dilatation, and methods of treatment did not affect the mortality.
Age Distribution ; Aneurysm ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Autopsy ; Brain ; Brain Neoplasms ; Cerebral Ventricles ; Consciousness ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Dilatation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fourth Ventricle ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Lateral Ventricles ; Male ; Methods ; Mortality ; Rupture ; Stupor ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Third Ventricle

No abstract available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression* ; Humans* ; Intestinal Mucosa*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess alcohol and caffeine intake and identify the impact of alcohol and caffeine intake on body mass index, alcohol use disorder, and quality of sleep among university students. METHODS: This study design was accomplished with a cross sectional survey and conducted from May to June 2014. One hundred and twenty-four freshmen of E university in S city, Korea were selected and evaluated by self-administered questionnaires. Alcohol and caffeine intake were measured by self-reported recall. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The average amount of alcohol intake was 175.02 +/- 219.97 g and the proportion of freshmen who took in more than 40g per day of alcohol was 75%. The average amount of caffeine intake was 116.79 +/- 111.14 mg. Factors influencing alcohol use disorder were dwelling type (t=2.25, p=.027) and alcohol intake (t=8.11, p<.001). And, the factor influencing quality of sleep was caffeine intake (t=3.88, p<.001). CONCLUSION: In order to reduce the harmful drinking of university students, preventive activities for freshmen are required and efforts on the part of the school needed.
Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index* ; Caffeine* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drinking ; Humans ; Korea ; Linear Models

Previous studies have shown that plant-based vegetarian diets, which typically contain a variety of antioxidants and dietary fiber, help reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. However, some studies have reported that vegetarian diets can lead to deficiencies in protein and trace minerals compared to non-vegetarian diets. This study was conducted to compare anthropometric measurements, blood parameters, dietary intake, and hair mineral status in long-term vegetarians (MV; moderate vegan, LV; lacto-ovo vegetarian) and non-vegetarians (NV). Thirty MV (12 males, 18 females; mean age, 50.58 +/- 5.05 years), 15 LV (11 males, four females; mean age, 49.45 +/- 4.97 years), and 30 NV (15 males, 15 females; mean age, 48.90 +/- 3.62 years) participated. No significant differences were observed for age, height, weight, or body mass index, but body fat was significant lower in MV and LV males than that in NV males. White blood cell counts of MV, LV, and NV male subjects were significantly different. Dietary intake data showed that plant protein and plant iron intake were significantly higher in MV and LV than those in NV. Animal protein, animal fat, and animal iron intake were significantly higher in NV than those in MV and LV. A hair mineral analysis showed that calcium and iron were higher in the hair of MV and LV than those in NV. Zinc concentration in hair was not significantly different among the groups. The results suggest that vegetarian diets are adequate to sustain mineral status to at least the same degree as that of non-vegetarian diets.
Adipose Tissue ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; Body Mass Index ; Calcium ; Diet ; Diet, Vegetarian ; Dietary Fiber ; Hair ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Iron ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Minerals ; Nutritional Status ; Obesity ; Plants ; Zinc

OBJECTIVE: Human embryonic stem (ES) cells have a great potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The human ES cells could be differentiated into specific cell types by treatments of growth factors and alterations of gene expressions. However, the efficacy of guided differentiation and isolation of specific cells are still low. In this study, we characterized isolated cells from differentiated human ES cells by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) system using specific antibodies to cell surface markers. METHODS: The undifferentiated hES cells (Miz-hESC4) were sub-cultured by mechanical isolation of colonies and embryoid bodies were spontaneously differentiated with DMEM containing 10% FBS for 2 weeks. The differentiated cells were isolated to positive and negative cells with MACS system using CD34, human epithelial antigen (HEA) and human fibroblast (HFB) antibodies, respectively. Observation of morphological changes and analysis of marker genes expression were performed during further culture of MACS isolated cells for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Morphology of the CD34 positive cells was firstly round, and then it was changed to small polygonal shape after further culture. The HEA positive cells showed large polygonal, and the HFB positive spindle shape. In RT-PCR analysis of marker genes, the CD34 and HFB positive cells expressed endodermal and mesodermal genes, and HEA positive cells expressed ectodermal genes such as NESTIN and NF68KD. The marker genes expression pattern of CD34 positive cells changed during the extension of culture time. CONCLUSION: Our results showed the possibility of successful isolation of specific cells by MACS system from undirected differentiated human ES cells. Thus, MACS system and marker antibodies for specific cell types might be useful for guided differentiation and isolation of specific cells from human ES cells.
Antibodies ; Ectoderm ; Embryoid Bodies ; Endoderm ; Fibroblasts ; Gene Expression ; Humans* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mesoderm ; Nestin ; Regenerative Medicine ; Tissue Engineering

BACKGROUND: In two-kidney one clip Goldbaltt hypertensive rats(2K1C GHR), clipped kidney may be exposed to low pressure and unclipped kidney to high pressure. In addition, both kidneys may have a different amount of adenosine which is increased by ischemia and plays an important role for renin release. The aim of this study was to invstigate the responsmiveness for renin release to adenosine agonists and antagonist in clipped and unclipped kidney of 2K1C GHR. METHODS: Emplying kidney slices from both unclipped and unclipped kidney of 2K1C GHR, the alteration by adenosine agonists and antagonist of renin release was studied. RESULTS: The renal renin content and basal renin release from unclipped kidney slices were suppressed, whereas those from clipped kidney were augmented Adenosine Al receptor agonist, cyclohexyladenosne(CHA), phenylisopropyl adenosine(PIA) and adenosine caused a decrease in renin release from clipped kidney slices. Adenosine A2 receptor agonist, NECA, and nonspecific adenosine receptor aganist, 2-chloroadenosine(CA) caused an increase in renin release from clipped kidney slices. Adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline(8-PT) caused an increase in renin release from clipped kidney slices. In unclipped kidney, however, the renin release in response to NECA, CA or 8-PT was reversed and the decreasing effect of renin release to CHA and adenosine was slightly inereased. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the responsiveness of adenosine receptors, which may participate in renin release is modified in clipped and unclipped kidney of 2K1C GHR.
Adenosine* ; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide) ; Animals ; Hypertension, Renovascular ; Ischemia ; Kidney ; Rats* ; Receptors, Adenosine A2 ; Receptors, Purinergic P1 ; Renin*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the level of project perception for those nurses from research-driven hospitals and to analyze the effect of research-relevant performance in the health care field focusing on the mediated effect of research capacity and job satisfaction. METHODS: Data were collected from June, 2014 to July, 2014, and participants were 106 research nurses in Research-driven hospitals. Descriptive statistics, Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: As a result, Research-relevant performance according to project perception of research nurses from Research-driven Hospitals was not statistically significant, but research capacity and job satisfaction had a mediating role. Evaluation System Perception was significantly different from Research Capacity (p<.001), Research Capacity was significantly different from Job Satisfaction (p<.001), Job Satisfaction was significantly different from Research Performance (p<.001) CONCLUSION: The results indicate that research capacity building and job security research nurses are able to contribute to improving research performance of research-driven hospitals.
Capacity Building ; Delivery of Health Care ; Job Satisfaction* ; Negotiating*

No Abstract Available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Chemokines, CXC* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; NF-kappa B*

No Abstract Available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Chemokines, CXC* ; Enterotoxins* ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; NF-kappa B*