PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze teaching status and knowledge about children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in elementary school teachers. METHODS: The participants of this study were 204 elementary school teachers in Busan. From July to September 2010, the researchers collected data by using self-report questionnaires consisted of questions about their teachers' characteristics and teaching status and KADDS (36 items) developed by Sciutto, Terjesen and Frank. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data using SPSS WIN 16.0 program. RESULTS: Less than 50% of the participants had previous education on ADHD. According to this experience, there were significant differences in participants' knowledge about children with ADHD (t=4.703, p<.001). For the 36 items, participants had an average of 19.19+/-4.58 points out of a possible 36. Moreover, lack of knowledge about teaching children with ADHD and communication problems with the parents of these children were considered to be the most disturbing factors. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that networks among teachers, parents and medical care professionals should be established. The results also indicate that educational programs for elementary school teachers should be developed in order to identify and teach children with ADHD appropriately.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Humans ; Parents ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: A vast array of injuries result from high voltage electrical damage. The compartment syndrome of forearm prone to have high risk of major amputations, especially in arc burn. Early decompressing fasciotomy has been recommended for the prevention of limb amputations. There are controversies about the effect of fasciotomy. We tried to Pressure Cuff Recording (PCR) wave forms of Plethysmography for the monitoring early signs of vascular compromises in decision of early selective fasciotomy. We investigated the role of PCR wave forms to reduce major amputation rate. METHODS: We reviewed 875 burned limb of 520 electric current damage victims (fasciotomy or amputation were performed, PCR wave forms evaluated) during the last 14 years (from Jan. 1, 1996 to Jun. 30, 2009). We analysed the differences of amputation rates by the currency, input/output, burn types, effects of PGE1 adminstration, fasciotomy time, converting of PCR wave forms. RESULTS: There was no major amputations among low tension victims (minor amputation rate; 0.3%). The minor and major amputation rate were 19.5% and 27.0 in high tension injury. The flash burns rarely made the amputations, but arc burns had 12.1% of minor and 41.2% of major amputations. The direct contact burns had 24.7% of minor and 21.3% of major amputations. Most of the victims had their hand as input and foot as output. The minor and major amputation rate were 26.2% and 10.9% in none-fasciotomy, 8.8% and 48.0% in within 8 hours, 10.0% and 52.9% in 8-24 hours, 9.3% and 63.0% in over 24 hours fasciotomy group. Final normal type (N type) of PCR result had only 3.1% of minor amputations and 3.1% of major amputations. Final obstructive type (O type) had 37.6% of minor amputations, 60.8% of major amputations. Initial stenotic type (S type) of converted to N type had 6.6% amputation, but to O type had 98.7% amputation. CONCLUSION: The early selective fasciotomy are essential to reduce major amputations in high tension injuries, especially in arc burns. The PCR wave form converting to obstructive type could be helpful to predict the possible amputation. The PCR wave form is a good tool to monitor early signs of vascular compromise around fasciotomy. It plays as the index of immediate fasciotomy decision.
Alprostadil ; Amputation ; Burns ; Burns, Electric ; Compartment Syndromes ; Extremities ; Foot ; Forearm ; Hand ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Plethysmography ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

No abstract available.
Humans ; Pregnancy, Twin* ; Twins*

PURPOSE: This study investigates the effect of pregnant women's growth mindset on the stress of pregnancy through ego-resilience. METHODS: The subjects included 551 pregnant women in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire; statistical, frequency, correlation, and structural equation analyses were performed using SPSS21 and M-plus 7.0. RESULTS: First, pregnant women's growth mindset had a direct effect on pregnancy stress. Second, the mediating pathway that influenced pregnancy stress through the ego-resilience of growth mindset was significant. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that it is important to devise and practice a method to improve the growth mindset of pregnant women, enhance ego-resilience, and reduce the negative effects of stress by reducing pregnancy stress.
Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Methods ; Negotiating ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Seoul

Purpose: To evaluate the changes in injection frequency based on the diagnosis year in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the differences in visual outcomes associated with these changes. Methods: This retrospective study included 667 patients (667 eyes) diagnosed with treatment-naïve neovascular AMD and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019. The number of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections and degree of changes in visual acuity during the first 24 months after diagnosis were compared among the 4 years. Results: The 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019 groups had a mean of 5.7 ± 2.7, 6.0 ± 2.8, 6.6 ± 3.0, and 6.9 ± 3.3 anti-VEGF injections, respectively. The number of injections was significantly higher in 2019 than in 2013 and 2015 (p < 0.001). The mean degree of visual change during the 24-month follow-up period was 0.07 ± 0.55, 0.01 ± 0.51, 0.08 ± 0.50, and 0.04 ± 0.48 in 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019, respectively. There was a significant difference in the degree of visual change among the four groups (p = 0.020). Conclusions Patients diagnosed more recently tend to receive more injections and have better visual outcomes. We speculate that more injections contributed to these results. This trend should be considered when predicting the future socioeconomic burden of neovascular AMD.

BACKGROUND: The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38Map kinases) are a family of prolinedirected serine/threonine kinases. At least four isoforms of p38Map kinases have been identified; however, their physiological significances remain to be understood. Recently, the role of p38Map kinase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake has been suggested. The present study aimed to investigate which isoform(s) were responsive to insulin stimulation. In addition, the activities of p38 Map kinase isoforms that may participate in the insulin's antiapoptotic function in CHO-IR cells were also determined. METHODS: Chinese hamster ovary cells, expressing wild- or mutated human insulin receptors (CHO-IR cells), were used to investigate whether insulin can stimulate any of the isoform(s) of the p38Map kinases. The p38Map kinase activity was determined by measuring the degree of 32P-labelling of ATF-2 protein, a specific substrate of p38Map kinase. A DNA laddering assay was performed to examine the degree of apoptosis and a RT-PCR analysis to determine which isoform(s) of the p38Map kinases were expressed in response to insulin. RESULTS: p38Map kinase activation by insulin was sharply suppressed in only the CHO-IR/A1018K cells, which lack the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of insulin receptors. Insulin stimulation of p38Map kinase was insensitive to SB203580, an inhibitor of the alpha(alpha)-and beta(beta)-isoforms of p38Map kinases. Moreover, orthovanadate, known as a specific stimulator of the gamma(gamma)-and delta(delta-) isoforms, stimulated the p38Map kinase activity in CHO-IR cells. Insulin increased the degree of mRNA expression of the delta-isoform, but not that of the alpha-isoform p38Map kinase. Interestingly, PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK, suppressed p38Map kinase stimulation, as well as the antiapoptotic protection of cells by insulin. As insulin was found to still protect ERK-lacking cells (CHO-IR/ SOS) from apoptosis, any substantial role(s) of ERK might be excluded. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that insulin may stimulate the activity and expression of the-isoform of p38Map kinase in a MEK1/2-dependent manner. The involvement of the delta-isoform of p38Map kinase in insulin's antiapoptotic protection was also suggested, but remains to be investigated further to clarify the nature of its mechanism of action
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; DNA ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Insulin ; Ovary ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phosphotransferases* ; Protein Isoforms ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Receptor, Insulin ; RNA, Messenger ; Vanadates

BACKGROUND: The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38Map kinases) are a family of prolinedirected serine/threonine kinases. At least four isoforms of p38Map kinases have been identified; however, their physiological significances remain to be understood. Recently, the role of p38Map kinase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake has been suggested. The present study aimed to investigate which isoform(s) were responsive to insulin stimulation. In addition, the activities of p38 Map kinase isoforms that may participate in the insulin's antiapoptotic function in CHO-IR cells were also determined. METHODS: Chinese hamster ovary cells, expressing wild- or mutated human insulin receptors (CHO-IR cells), were used to investigate whether insulin can stimulate any of the isoform(s) of the p38Map kinases. The p38Map kinase activity was determined by measuring the degree of 32P-labelling of ATF-2 protein, a specific substrate of p38Map kinase. A DNA laddering assay was performed to examine the degree of apoptosis and a RT-PCR analysis to determine which isoform(s) of the p38Map kinases were expressed in response to insulin. RESULTS: p38Map kinase activation by insulin was sharply suppressed in only the CHO-IR/A1018K cells, which lack the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of insulin receptors. Insulin stimulation of p38Map kinase was insensitive to SB203580, an inhibitor of the alpha(alpha)-and beta(beta)-isoforms of p38Map kinases. Moreover, orthovanadate, known as a specific stimulator of the gamma(gamma)-and delta(delta-) isoforms, stimulated the p38Map kinase activity in CHO-IR cells. Insulin increased the degree of mRNA expression of the delta-isoform, but not that of the alpha-isoform p38Map kinase. Interestingly, PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK, suppressed p38Map kinase stimulation, as well as the antiapoptotic protection of cells by insulin. As insulin was found to still protect ERK-lacking cells (CHO-IR/ SOS) from apoptosis, any substantial role(s) of ERK might be excluded. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that insulin may stimulate the activity and expression of the-isoform of p38Map kinase in a MEK1/2-dependent manner. The involvement of the delta-isoform of p38Map kinase in insulin's antiapoptotic protection was also suggested, but remains to be investigated further to clarify the nature of its mechanism of action
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; DNA ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Insulin ; Ovary ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phosphotransferases* ; Protein Isoforms ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Receptor, Insulin ; RNA, Messenger ; Vanadates

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been found to be remarkably effective in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Although evidences for the proapoptotic activity of As2O3 have been suggested in leukemic and other solid cancer cells, the nature of intracellular mechanisms is far from clear. In the present study, we investigated As2O3 affect on the stress-responsive signaling pathways and pretreatment with antioxidants using HepG2 cells. When treated with micromolar concentrations of As2O3, HepG2 cells became highly apoptotic paralleled with activation of caspase-3 and members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) but not p38 MAP kinase. However, inhibition of each kinase activity failed to inhibit apoptosis by As2O3. Addition of n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) effectively protected cells from apoptosis and significantly lowered As2O3-induced activation of caspase-3. However, neither NAC nor DPI was able to effect ERK or JNK activation induced by As2O3. Guanidinoethyldisulfide dihydrochloride (GED) and 2-ethyl- 2-thiopseudourea (ETU), known inhibitors of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), also suppressed the apoptotic activity of As2O3. These results suggest that As2O3 induces caspase-mediated apoptosis involving a mechanism generating oxidative stress. However, activation of some stress- responsive signaling pathways by As2O3 may not be the major determinant in the course of apoptotic processes.
Antioxidants/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Arsenicals/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Human ; Nitric-Oxide Synthase/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Oxides/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects

PURPOSE: This study compared the effect of three intraoral repair systems on the bond strength between composite resin and zirconia core. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty zirconia specimens were divided into three groups according to the repair method: Group I- CoJet(TM) Repair System (3M ESPE) [chairside silica coating with 30 microm SiO2 + silanization + adhesive]; Group II- Ceramic Repair System (Ivoclar Vivadent) [etching with 37% phosphoric acid + Zirconia primer + adhesive]; Group III- Signum Zirconia Bond (Heraus) [Signum Zirconia Bond I + Signum Zirconia Bond II]. Composite resin was polymerized on each conditioned specimen. The shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine, and fracture sites were examined with FE-SEM. Surface morphology and wettability after surface treatments were examined additionally. The data of bond strengths were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tamhane post hoc test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Increased surface roughness and the highest wettability value were observed in the CoJet sand treated specimens. The specimens treated with 37% phosphoric acid and Signum Zirconia Bond I did not show any improvement of surface irregularity, and the lowest wettability value were found in 37% phosphoric acid treated specimens. There was no significant difference in the bond strengths between Group I (7.80 +/- 0.76 MPa) and III (8.98 +/- 1.39 MPa). Group II (3.21 +/- 0.78 MPa) showed a significant difference from other groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The use of Intraoral silica coating system and the application of Signum Zirconia Bond are effective for increasing the bond strength of composite resin to zirconia.
Ceramics ; Collodion ; Phosphoric Acids ; Polymers ; Silicon Dioxide ; Wettability ; Zirconium

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the types and severity of subcortical aphasia after stroke and to determine the predictors of the degree of aphasic impairment. METHODS: Medical records of 38 patients with post-stroke subcortical aphasia (19 males; mean age, 61.7±13.8 years) were reviewed retrospectively with respect to the following tests: the Korean version of the Western Aphasia Battery (K-WAB), the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), and the Fugl-Meyer Index (FMI). The severity of aphasia was evaluated by the aphasia quotient (AQ) and the language quotient (LQ). RESULTS: Anomic aphasia was the most frequent type of aphasia (n=15, 39.5%), and the lesion most frequently observed in subcortical aphasia was located in the basal ganglia (n=19, 50.0%). Patients with lesions in the basal ganglia exhibited the lowest scores on the FMI for the upper extremities (p=0.04). Severity of aphasia was significantly correlated with the K-MBI (Pearson correlation coefficient: γ=0.45, p=0.01 for AQ and γ=0.53, p=0.01 for LQ) and FMI scores for the lower extremities (γ=0.43, p=0.03 for AQ and γ=0.49, p=0.05 for LQ). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, K-MBI remained the only explanatory variable closely associated with aphasia severity. CONCLUSION: This study showed the general characteristics of post-stroke subcortical aphasia, and it revealed that K-MBI was an associated and explanatory factor for aphasia severity.
Anomia ; Aphasia* ; Basal Ganglia ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Humans ; Language Tests ; Logistic Models ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Stroke* ; Upper Extremity