The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of Q-sorting and to develope a typology of coping to stress in school-age children through the use of Q-methodology. For the study, Q-statements are selected from the literature and interviews of 30 Children, A total number 153 statement were collected and 31 Q-samples were finally selected. A P-sample of 76 was selected the elementary school children. Each of respondents were given 31 coping strategies questionnaire and set of 31 statements with cartoon on each of cards and sorted them according to the 9-point scale. The result of the Q-sorting by each subject were coded and analyzed using the QUANAL PC and SPSS PC+program. As a result of the analysis, There were significant relationship between score each item of questionaire and score of sorted statement. Therefore, school-age children was able to Q-sorting(forced normal distribution). Also, the four types of coping were named as follows: Type I(n=35): To search for the dynamic behaviors Type II(n=12): To search for the intellectual behaviors Type III(n=22): To search for emotional-spiritual behaviors Type IV(n=7): To search for the self-abuse behaviors. Thought the study, the implication for teachers, parents and school nurses is that there is needed to guide and to support adaptive coping behaviors. Also, it is recommended that the application of Q-methodology for study of children's subjective concepts like stress and coping.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Child* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Humans ; Parents ; Q-Sort ; Child Health

This study was designed to compare the educational needs of the mothers of LBW infants and normal neonate for development of the educational program. The subjects for this study were 37 mothers of LBW and 60 mothers of normal neonate at 3 general hospitals in Seoul and Inchon. The data were collected during the period from July to November, 1996. The Educational Need for Infant Care was measured by questionnaire that has developed by researchers. The data analyzed by descriptive statistics, non-paired t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA using SPSS PC+. The results were as fellow ; 1) The educational needs of the mothers of LBW infant were higher than the mothers of normal neonate(F=14.50, P=.000). 2) There were significant associations between the educational needs of the mothers of LBW infant and delivery history(nullipara, or multipara.) and caregiver of postpartum(t=-2.08, P=.045 ; F=3.94, P=.0282). 3) There were significant associations between the educational needs of the mothers of normal neonate and numbers of children and caregiver of postpartum(F=5.53, P=.0064 ; F=3.22, P=.0480). 4) The educational need by content was signs, symptomes and management of disorders(i.g.cyanosis, seizure, fever, vomiting, etc.) were higher than general care of baby(i.g. feeding, diaper change etc.) at two groups. In conclusion, when the nurses teaching the method of infant care to mother, there should be in consideration of delivery history and caregiver of postpartum. Also, its educational contents must be included of signs, symptomes and management of disorders.
Caregivers ; Child ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incheon ; Infant Care ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Mothers* ; Postpartum Period ; Seizures, Febrile ; Seoul ; Vomiting ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relation between personality traits and awareness of gender equality. METHOD: A descriptive survey design was used and 688 students in fifth and sixth grades in 3 elementary schools were selected as participants. RESULT: 1. Level of gender equality awareness among the students was 2.82. This is higher than average and was most influenced by awareness of family life, followed by awareness in education, work environment and social-cultural life. 2. Students with higher levels of extraversion-introversion had higher levels of awareness of gender equality in family life, work environment, and education. Students with higher levels of tough-mindedness showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in family life and work environment, while those with higher levels of lying showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in social-cultural life. CONCLUSION: Personality traits and awareness of gender equality were correlated to some degree. However, in order to understand the characteristics of childhood personality traits and the behaviors of our children though the mediation of the gender equality awareness as society changes, and to let them grow with understanding of gender equality, it is essential to implement various kinds of education in families, schools, and the society.
Child ; Deception ; Education ; Humans ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Negotiating ; Child Health

No abstract available.
Child ; Child Rearing* ; Child* ; Humans ; Mothers*

This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design in quasi experimental basis and newly born premature infants from intensive care unit of G Medical University Hospital in Inchon Metropolitan were selected in two groups of 21 infants each. The first group for experimental and the other for control. Data has been collected form October 30, 1997 to August 29, 1998. For the experimental group tactile and kinesthetic stimulation was applied 2 times a day for10 days(10:00 ~ 11:00 hours in the morning and 17:00 ~ 18:00 in the afternoon). As a weight weighing instrument, electronic indicator scale(Cas Co. korea) was used. Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using X2-test, student t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson correlated coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression. The result were as follow. 1. As for the daily weight gain, the experimental group showed first change in weight and this group also showed higher weight in the average weight than the control group. Statistically, however, there was no significant factor between the two groups. 2. In the correlation between general characteristics and weight gain, gestation period, apgar score, admission period before study, N.P.O. period after birth, recovery period to birth weight showed statistical significance negative correlation with weight gain in the experimental group than control group. 3. In the factor with affected the weight gain by general characteristics showed recovery period to birth weight and head circumference in the experimental group, control group showed recovery period to birth weight, N. P. O. period after birth, admission period before study, feeding amount, weight of study. In conclusion, the sensory stimulation in this study showed a positive aspect through there was no statistical significance in the weight gain. In the correlation of general characteristics and weight gain showed statistical significance negative correlation. The main factor which affected the weight gain by general characteristics showed recovery period to birth weight.
Apgar Score ; Birth Weight ; Control Groups ; Head ; Humans ; Incheon ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Intensive Care Units ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Weight Gain* ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare subjective symptoms of VDT between computer-addicted and non-addicted adolescents. METHOD: A descriptive survey design was used and 646 students in one middle and two high schools were selected as participants. RESULT: The VDT subjective symptoms and degree of severity differed according to whether the students were computer-addicted or not, and in all symptoms, general, musculoskeletal, eye and mental, the mean score for subjective symptoms was higher in the addicted group than in the non-addicted group. The score for VDT subjective symptoms was highest in the addicted group for girls and students who were not healthy. The most frequent physical symptom reported by students who visited the school health room for a health problem after using the computer was headache. The most frequent type of treatment at the school health room was treatment of the symptom. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that students must acquire correct habits in computer use and be careful not to be addicted to the computer in order to avoid VDT syndrome. For this, educational authorities should develop computer-related health education programs and start the programs from the lower grades of elementary school.
Adolescent* ; Female ; Headache ; Health Education ; Humans ; School Health Services ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This descriptive correlation study was done to investigate adolescent behavior that promotes health and to identify factors influencing this behavior. METHOD: The participants (702) were a conveniently selected sample of second grade high school students. Data were gathered by self-administered questionnaires and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression with the SPSS program. RESULTS: 1) The score for health-promotion behavior was 2.49 (total possible score = 4). By subcategories, emotional support was the highest (3.02). 2) Of the factors influencing health-promotion behavior, self-efficacy was found to account for 37.5% of the variance, followed by family function, social support, perceived health status and internal health locus of control. Overall, these factors accounted for 50.6% of the variance. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that health-promotion behavior in adolescents was slightly above average. As self-efficacy and family function were identified as major factors in predicting health-promotion behavior, there is a need to consider interventions that will improve self-efficacy and family function.
Adolescent Behavior ; Adolescent* ; Humans ; Internal-External Control ; Statistics as Topic ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was done to understand nonpharmacologic pain management for pediateric patients and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. The aim of this study was that which method did the patient's use according to the nurses' age, and how did they effectively use these methods in their field. The subjects of this study were 77 nurses working in the Pediatric unit in the Kyung Medical Center from September 2 to 15, 1999 using questionnaire form. The results of this study were as follows : 1. We divided the subjects into four groups : Younger than one year old, 1-6 years, 6-12 years, 12-18 years group. In the group younger one year old, most of the nurses participating in this study used speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch, toys, pacifiers. In the group of 1-6 years, they used speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, distracting attention, story talking, and visual stimulus. In the group of 6-12 years. they used pop-up books, providing information, cold therapy, speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch. In the group of 12-19 years, most of them used providing information, controling respiration and supportive touch. 2. The effective nursing intervention used in their field are speaking in soft quiet tones, pacifiers and nesting with blanket in the group of younger than one year old. Un the group of 1-6 years old, speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, and supportive touch were effective method in the control of nonpharmacologic pain management. In the group of 6-12 years old, story talking, supportive touch, and speaking in soft quiet tones were effective method and in the group of 12-18 years old, providing information, cold therapy and supportive touch were effectively used to control nonpharmacologic pain management. 3. To compare the general characteristics and non-pharmacologic pain nursing intervention, in the group of younger than one year, touching stimuli is widely used. In the groups of 1-6, and 6-12 years old, visual and audio method were widely used. In the group of 12-18 years old, sensitive intervention were used as well as education, information and guided imagery. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in nurses' demographic characteristics, child's age and nonpharmacologic pain management. There was significant difference only in the nurses working area, that is nurses working in the surgical department used more audio-visual-tactile pain management methods than medical department.
Child* ; Cryotherapy ; Education ; Humans ; Imagery (Psychotherapy) ; Nursing* ; Pacifiers ; Pain Management ; Play and Playthings ; Respiration ; United Nations ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study is to assess and compare the analgegic effects of 25% sucrose coating pacifier and pacifier. METHOD: The participants are 75 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7 days and randomized to receive heel prick before 2 minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of A Medical Center from 24, January to 28, February, 2003. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups: no treatment, a pacifier, 25% sucrose coating pacifier. Collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 11.0 program using Chi square-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe, repeated mesured ANOVA. RESULTS: The pain score of 25% sucrose coating pacifier is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group. In heart rate, there were statistical significant differences between three groups. In repiratory rate, there were no statistical significant differences between three groups. In SaO2, there were statistical significant difference between three groups. CONCLUSION: The 25% sucrose coating pacifier showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and heart rate and SaO2. Accordingly, the sucrose coating pacifier should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.
Heart Rate ; Heel ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Nurseries ; Nursing ; Pacifiers* ; Pain Management ; Sucrose* ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a new nursing intervention, Meridian Massage, and to investigate its effect on weight in infants and mother-infant interaction. METHOD: This study was conducted using a quasi experimental non equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Thirty-one newborn infants from a postpartum Management Center were selected and assigned to two groups, experimental and control. Data were collected from February 1 to September 30, 2004. Infants in the experimental group (16) were given Meridian massage for 15 minutes daily for 6 days and weighed every day at 10 am. Using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale(1978), mother-infant interaction was determined before the treatment, after 1 week and 1 month after the massage. RESULTS: Infants in the experimental group had a higher average weight than those in the control group and the difference was significant (Z=-2.29, p=.022). For mother-infant interaction, the experimental group had higher scores than the control group, and the difference was significant between both the two groups, and the 3 measurement times. CONCLUSION: The Meridian Massage in this study showed positive weight gain and positive mother-infant interaction. This study shows that meridian massage is an effective nursing intervention in improving infant development.
Child ; Child Development ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Massage* ; Mother-Child Relations* ; Nursing ; Postpartum Period ; Weight Gain ; Child Health