No abstract available.
Diaphragm*

The study was conducted to measure the stature, span, body weight, standing trunk flexion and trunk extension of 989 healthy Korean school girls from age 11 to 14 and to determine the correlation coefficients among those items. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The average statures by age were 140.68cm at 11, 147.45cm at 12, 150.14cm at 13 and 154.76cm at 14 years of age, and the stature growth per year was 4.64cm. 2. The average spans by age were 137.60cm at 11, 145.52cm at 12, 149.33cm at 13 and 153.76cm at 14 years of age, and the span growth per year was 5.39cm. 3. The stature was always longer than span, but the difference between the two items decreased with the increase of age. 4. The average body weights by age were 33.89kg at 11, 38.84kg at 12,42.21kg at 13 and 47.62kg at 14 years of age, and the increase of body weight per year was 4.58kg. 5. Remarkable growth occurred in stature and spanfrom age 11 to 12, but in body weight from age 13 to 14. 6. The average standing trunk flexions by age were 5.14cm at 11, 7.50cm at 12, 11.44cm at 13, and 12.02cm at 14 years of age. 7. The average trunk extensions by age were 40.84cm at 11, 44.40cm at 12,47.68cm at 13 and 48.53cm at 14 years of age. 8. In flexibility (standing trunk flexion and trunk extension) the annual increase was the smalled from 13 to 14 years of age. This is probably because the increase in body weight becomes hindrance to flexibility 9. the correlation coefficients between stature and span showed very high values ranging from 0.93 to 0.82. The coefficients between stature and both weight as well as between body weight and span recorded high values in all age groups. But the values decreased with age. 10. the correlation coefficients between flexibilities and physical measurements showed very low values. 11. The correlation coefficients between flexion and extension were very low(0.15) at 11 and low(ranging from 0.25 to 0.37) after 12 years of age 12. The regression equations among all of the items in each age group are given in a table for reference.
Body Weight ; Female* ; Humans ; Pliability*

Vertebral pedicle screws have been widely used for secure posterior spinal fixation. When postoperative CT scan films were made, the blurring of pedicle screws were observed and we could not figure nut the exact diameter of screw and canal encroachment. There is no information in the difference hetween actual diameter and measured diameter of pedcile screws in CT yet. In this study, we try to find out partial voiume averaging artifact of pedicle screws made of stainless steel and titanium. Partial volume averaging artifact occurs when the shape of an object changes within the thickness of the CT slice or when a relatively small object is only partially included within the slice. Four pig cadaveric spinal column including 6 vertebrae each were prepared and CT scans were performed after insertion of C-D screws(stainless steel) to the left and TSRH screws(titanium) to the right pedicle. Another CT scans were performed after insertion of C-D screws to the right and TSRH screws to the left pedicle. The third CT scans were made after removal of all the pedicle screws. Actual C-D screw diameter was 6mm and CT scanned diameter was 8. I 6+/-0.66mm. Actual TSRH diameter was 6.5 mm and CT scanned diameter was 6.59+/-0.34mm. In conclusion, stainless steel has more partial volume averaging artifact than titanium. Safety margin of pedicle screw made of stainless steel is about 2mm and that of titanium is about 1 mm.
Artifacts ; Cadaver ; Nuts ; Spine ; Stainless Steel* ; Titanium* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed*

No abstract available.
Typhoid Fever*

An attemption was made to estimate the effect of menopause on the mental health of climacteric women. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) were questioned to 278 premenopausal women and 302 postmenopausal women. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance in each variable of menopause, age, educational level, religion and partnership of husband, and two-way analysis of variance in two variables of menopause and one of other variables. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Menopause increased the scores of validity, psychopathic deviate, hypomania and paranoia scale, but conversely decreased the score of masculinity-femininity scale. 2. The older the climacteric women were, the lower scores of masculinity-femininity scale were observed. 3. The older the premenopausal women were, the higher scores of depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, psychasthenia and schizophrenia scale were observed, on the contrary, all scores of the postmenopausal women were decreased by the increment of their ages. 4. The higher the educational level of climacteric women were, the higher scores of correction and masculinity-femininity scale were observed, but the scores of hypochondriasis, hysteria, schizophrenia and social introversion scale were decreased by the increment of their educational level. 5. The scores of hypomania scale were higher in women of Buddhism than other religions. 6. The scores of validity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia and social introversion scale were higher in windows than women with husband.
Buddhism ; Climacteric* ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Hysteria ; Introversion (Psychology) ; Menopause* ; Mental Health* ; Minnesota ; Paranoid Disorders ; Schizophrenia ; Spouses

Tuberous Sclrosis is a rare hereditary disease first described by Bourneville in 1880, and usually transmitted as autosomal dominant trait, and is characterized by mental retardation, seizares, and adenoma sebaceum. This 21 year old male patient visited for multiple pin head to pea siaed yelhwish red waxy papules on the face and gingival papillema af 10 years dunatio. Attacks of grandmal seisure eccr oacurred times in the past 8 yeara. Past hiatory and family history were noncountributory. There was a shagreen patch on left lower lumbo-sacral area. Hiatopathology disclosed an adenoma sebaceum showing dilatation of the capillaries, proliferation of collagen, mild cellular infiltration of papillary dermis and perivascular areas. EEG revealed asymmetrieal slow waves on right side of the brain, predommantly in anterior part, and intermittent sharp waves on right anterior frontotemporal area of the brain.
Brain ; Capillaries ; Collagen ; Dermis ; Dilatation ; Electroencephalography* ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; Head ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Male ; Peas ; Tuberous Sclerosis* ; Young Adult

Elephantiasis neuromatosa is one of 3 types of cutaneous tumors in Von Recklinghausen's disease. This 28 year-old male patient visited for adult-fist sized tumor associated with hairy pigmented patch on right antecubital fossa, and various sized tumors and cafe-au-lait spots on whole body of about 27 years duration. Past history was noncontributory. Family history revealed that his father and son had similar manifestations. Laboratory findings were noncontributory. Histopathology of cafe-au-lait spot and hairy pigmented patch revealed increase of melain in basal cell layer of the epidermis and increase in the concentratiton and activity of the melanocytes in basal cell layer of the epidermis. Histopathology of the mass revealed slightly thin, wavy fibrs lying in loosely textured strands extending in varying directions and a fairly large number of nuclei that are ovel to spindle-shaped and fairly uniform in size.
Adult ; Cafe-au-Lait Spots ; Deception ; Elephantiasis* ; Epidermis ; Fathers ; Humans ; Male ; Melanocytes ; Neurofibromatosis 1

No abstract available.
Korea* ; Prevalence*

STUDY DESIGN: The authors retrospectively analysed the difference of clinical natures in contained vs. ruptured HIVD. OBJECTIVE: To compare contained HIVD with ruptured HIVD in respect of clinical symptoms, signs and the result after surgery. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: In contained disc herniation, the disc material remains beneath tile intact outer annulus. But, once disc material penetrates through the limit of posterior annulus, it is a ruptured herniation or disc extrusion/sequestration. There is few report concerning the clinical characteristics related to type of herniation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six patients, treated by open discectomy from March 1990 to December 1994, were followed up for minimum two years. The clinical symptoms and signs including SLR, motor deficit, sensory deficit, change of DTR, and severity of radiating pain were periodically followed up on the predesigned protocol. Result: Twenty patients had contained disc and remaining 26 had ruptured disc. The mean age of contained disc was 31.4 years and that of ruptured disc was 43.3 years. In preoperative examination, 18/26 cases of patients with ruptured discs, developed pain in less than 3 months, compared with 7/20 cases of does with contained ones. Motor deficit was positive in 25/26 cases (96.2%) of ruptured discs and 12/20 cases (60%) of contained ones. 23/26 cases (80.8%) of patients with ruptured discs, had sensory deficit compared with 12/20 cases (60%) of those with contained ones. There was no significant difference in SLR and DTR change between ruptured and contained disc. CONCLUSIONS: Factors such as age, motor and sensory deficits and duration of symptoms had correlation with the type of herniation, but SLR and DTR change showed no statistical difference in this study. Clinical outcome showed no significant difference between two groups, but in ruptured group, the results were getting worse with the time goes. On the basis of this study, we concluded that the clinical symptoms and signs were different between the two groups, but surgical results showed no statistical difference.
Diskectomy ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

STUDY DESIGN: Surgically treated thirty-five Denis type B thoracolumbar and lumbar burst fractures were assessed to compare the differences of fracture patterns by the level of fracture. OBJECTIVE: To know the major surgical indications according to the level of fracture. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: General operative indications of thoracolumbar and lumbar burst fractures were collapse of anterior body height more than 40-50%, kyphotic deformity more than 30 degrees, canal encroachment more than 50% and neurologic deficit. But we could not apply the same surgical indications to the whole thoraco]embar and lumbar burst fractures because their fracture patterns are different. METHODS: We compared the collapse of anterior body height, collapse of posterior body height, Cobb angle, wedge angle, canal encroachment and incidence of posterior injury according to the level of fracture. RESULTS: The higher the level of fracture, the more the collapse of anterior body height, Cobb angle, wedge angle and incidence of posterior injury But the lower the level of fracture, the more the canal encroachment. CONCLUSIONS: These results mean that the primary surgical indications for thoracolumbar junction are collapse of anterior body height, possibility of posterior injury and increased kyphosis, while for the lower lumbar fractures, amount of canal encroachment is an important factor to make decision for surgery.
Body Height ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Incidence ; Kyphosis ; Neurologic Manifestations