No abstract available.
Animals ; Dogs* ; Lactic Acid*

For the purpose of effective utilization of donated blood with limited shelf life, the author investigated the transfusion data which were used for 778 patients who received 2,556 units of blood during the period from Jan. to Dec., 1988 in Pusan National University Hospital. The data were statistically studied and optimal guide line in elective surgery was established. The results were as follows. 1) In the period under study, transfusion ratio of each surgical department were from 37.6% to 83.6%. 2) Average CT ratio of elective surgical procedure was 1. 4 3) Number of crossmatched and transfused blood were about 4.7 units and 3.3 units by operating procedure in elective surgery, respectively. 4) The ratio of usage of blood component was 14.0%, and 120 of 778 transfused patients (15.4%) received a single unit transfusion. On the basis of these results and overviewed literature, it is summarized that established MSBOS & T & S order would be of value for decreasing in rate of outdating blood, overusage of blood, excessive crossmatching and laboratory costs.
Busan ; Humans ; Surgical Procedures, Elective

To investigate the cardiovascular effects of vecuronium during isoflurane anesthesia, I compared with effects of pancuronium. Eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized with intravenous thiopental sodium and maintained with oxygen (41/min)-isoflurane (1 MAC). Cardiovascular parameters were determined and recorded 1 minute before and 5, 10, 20, 30 minutes after administration of 3 times the ED, dose of pancuronium and vecuronium respectively. Only one neuromuscular relaxant was studied with each anesthetic administration. The results are as follows; 1) Pancuronium increased heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output. 2) Vecuronium caused no significant cardiovascular chanaes.
Anesthesia* ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Dogs ; Heart Rate ; Isoflurane* ; Oxygen ; Pancuronium ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide*

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury occurring as the result of surgical repair of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic disease remains a devastating complication. Excitatory amino acids have been known to cause neurologic injury after neuronal ischemia. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of intrathecal ketamine or NBQX on neurologic outcome and NMDA receptor gene expression in transient spinal ischemia. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with enflurane, divided by 4 groups: Control (C group), Intrathecal ketamine 0.1 mg (K-1 group), Intrathecal ketamine 0.2 mg (K-2 group), and intrathecal NBQX 1 nM (N group). Spinal ischemia was produced by both induced hypotension and thoracic aortic cross clamping. After spinal ischemia, neurologic scores were assessed after 1, 2, 3 hours. After 3 hours rats were euthenized and spinal cords were removed for the assay of NMDAR and mGlu1 mRNA. RESULTS: The neurol ogic scores of K-2 and N groups were significantly lower than C group and K-1 group. There were no significant difference between K-1 group and C group. The NMDAR and mGlu1 gene expression was increase in C and K-1 group compared to sham operation. In K-2 and N groups, the gene expressions were significantly lesser than C group. CONCLUSIONS: The NMDAR and mGlu1 gene expressions were increased in transient spinal ischemia. Intrathecal ketamine and NBQX were effective in preventing neurologic injury after transient spinal ischemia. The NMDA antagonistic action of ketamine might involve to prevent neurologic injury.
Animals ; Aortic Diseases ; Constriction ; Enflurane ; Excitatory Amino Acids ; Gene Expression ; Glutamic Acid* ; Hypotension ; Ischemia* ; Ketamine* ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurons ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Glutamate* ; RNA, Messenger* ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spinal Cord*

BACKGROUND: Obesity can be considered as hyperaccumulation of body fat. Therefore, the aim to treat obesity is to decrease body fat. Abdominal total fat calculated in computed tomography is thought to be the most accurate index measuring body fat. The body mass index (BMI) and body fat mass are the representative indices also. Leptin is a protein hormone expressed by obesity gene in adipose tissue. It inhibits food intake and increases energy consumption, thereby controls obesity. With a study of relationship between plasma leptin level and body mass index and abdominal total fat area, we tried to find the usefulness of leptin as an index of adiposity. METHODS: The adiposity level was approximated by BMI, computed tomography and bioelectical impedence. To further explore the relationship with body composition, body fat distribution was determined by computed tomograph. To quantify the relationship between serum leptin level and adiposity, correlation analyses have been conducted. RESULTS: The subjects were 32 females with a BMI of over 25 kg/m2. The mean plasma leptin level was 14.2 5.9 ug/L. We investigated the correlation of plasma leptin level with subcutaneous and visceral fat. The plasma leptin level showed a significant correlation with BMI and body fat mass, and was significantly correlated with subctaneous fat (P<0.01), but not with abdominal visceral fat. CONCLUSION: A significant correlation between plasma leptin level and body fat mass was observed. The distribution of subcutaneous fat showed differences in plasma leptin level. Therefore, the plasma leptin level may be used as an index of change of body fat mass, especially subcutaneous fat.
Adipose Tissue ; Adiposity* ; Body Composition ; Body Fat Distribution ; Body Mass Index ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Leptin* ; Obesity* ; Plasma* ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal

Ischemia followed by reperfusion in the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) results in a marked cardiac contractile dysfunction. Amrinone, a specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3, has an antioxidant activity against PMNs. Therefore, we hypothesized that amrinone could attenuate PMNs-induced cardiac dysfunction by suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced fby PMNs. In the present study, we examined the effects of amrinone on isolated ischemic (20 min) and reperfused (45 min) rat hearts perfused with PMNs. Amrinone at 25microM, given to hearts during the first 5 min of reperfusion, significantly improved coronary flow, left ventricular developed pressure (P< 0.001), and the maximal rate of development of left ventricular developed pressure (P< 0.001), compared with ischemic/reperfused hearts perfused with PMNs in the absence of amrinone. In addition, amrinone significantly reduced myeloperoxidase activity by 50.8%, indicating decreased PMNs infiltration (p< 0.001). Superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide production were also significantly reduced in fMLP- and PMA-stimulated PMNs pretreated with amrinone. Hydroxyl radical was scavenged by amrinone. fMLP-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i was also inhibited by amrinone. These results provide evidence that amrinone can significantly attenuate PMN-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction in the ischemic/ reperfused rat heart via attenuation of PMNs infiltration into the myocardium and suppression of ROS release by PMNs.
Amrinone* ; Animals ; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3* ; Heart ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Hydroxyl Radical ; Ischemia ; Myocardium ; Neutrophils ; Peroxidase ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Reperfusion ; Superoxides

BACKGROUND: Delayed neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia came major neurologic complication after stroke or cardiac arrest. Apoptosis formation after ischemia may be one of a mechanism of delayed neuronal injury. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of moderate hypothermia on apoptosis formation after one hour of middle cerebral artery degrees Cclusion in rats. METHODS: Ten Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g) were freely fed till just before operation. Anesthesia was induced with 4 vol% isoflurane in oxygen and then maintained with 2 vol% isoflurane in oxygen. Middle cerebral artery degrees Cclusion (MCAO) was induced by intraluminal monofilament nylon with blunted tip. All rats were divided randomly into two groups. In group 1 (n=5), rectal temperature was maintained at 38 degrees C. In group 2 (n=5), rectal temperature was maintained at 32 degrees C. Rectal temperature was monitored during experiment. After 60 minutes of MCAO, intraluminal monofilament was removed and all rats were returned to cages. Brain were quickly removed and cerebral hemispheres were separated after 23 hours reperfusion. Apoptosis formation were counted with TUNEL stain. RESULTS: In group 1, after 60 minutes of MCAO and 23 hours reperfusion, 51 3.6% of hipp degrees Campal neurons were TUNEL-positive stained apoptotic cells. In group 2, TUNEL-positve neurons were 26.1 6.5% and significantly less than those of group 1 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sixty minutes of MCAO and 23 hours reperfusion induce hipp degrees Campal neuronal apoptosis. Moderate hypothermia of 32 degrees C reduces apoptosis of hipp degrees Campal neurons after 60 minutes of MCAO and 23 hours reperfusion.
Anesthesia ; Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Brain ; Brain Ischemia* ; Cerebrum ; Heart Arrest ; Hypothermia* ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Ischemia ; Isoflurane ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Neurons ; Nylons ; Oxygen ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion ; Stroke

BACKGROUND: LKB1(STK11) is a serine/threonine kinase that functions as a tumor growth suppressor. The functions of LKB1 in lung cancer are not completely understood. This study evaluated the relationship between LKB1 protein expression and the clinicopathological features in lung cancer tissues. METHODS: The expression of LKB1 was studied in paraffin-embedded tumor blocks, which were obtained from 77 patients who had undergone surgery at Wonkwang University Hospital. The expression of the LKB1 protein was considered positive if the staining intensity in the tumor tissue adjacent to the normal airway epithelium was >30%. RESULTS: The LKB1 expression was positive in 31 (40%) of samples. Loss of LKB1 expression was significantly associated with being male, smoking history, and squamous cell carcinoma. In the peripheral sites, the loss of LKB1 expression was strongly associated with a smoking history. A loss of LKB1 expression was more frequently associated with progression according to TNM staging, particularly more than T2, N progression. CONCLUSION: There was a significant relationship between the loss of the LKB1 protein and gender, smoking history, and histological type in primary lung cancer. Although LKB1 expression was not found to be a significant prognostic factor, further studies with a larger cohort of patient's lung cancer tissue samples will be needed to confirm this.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cohort Studies ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Neoplasm Staging ; Phosphotransferases ; Smoke ; Smoking

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers for cancer have several potential clinical uses, including the following: early cancer detection, monitoring for recurrence prognostication, and risk stratification. However, no biomarker has been shown to have adequate sensitivity and specificity. Many investigators have tried to validate biomarkers for the early detection and recurrence of lung cancer. To evaluate plasma G-CSF as such a biomarker, protein levels were measured and were found to correlate with the clinicopathological features of primary lung tumors. METHODS: Between December 2006 and May 2008, 100 patients with histologically-validated primary lung cancer were enrolled into this study. To serve as controls, 127 healthy volunteers were enrolled into this study. Plasma G-CSF levels were measured in lung cancer patients using the sandwich ELISA system (R & D inc.) prior to treatment. RESULTS: The mean plasma G-CSF levels were 12.2+/-0.3 pg/mL and 46.0+/-3.8 pg/mL (mean+/-SE) in the normal and in the cancer groups, respectively. In addition, plasma G-CSF levels were higher in patients with early lung cancer than in healthy volunteers (p<.001). Plasma G-CSF levels were higher in patients who were under 65 years old or smokers. Within the cancer group, plasma G-CSF levels were higher in patients with non small cell lung cancer than in patients with small cell lung cancer (p<.05). Overall, plasma G-CSF levels were shown to increase dependent upon the type of lung cancer diagnsosed. In the order from highest to lowest, the levels of plasma G-CSF tended to decrease in the following order: large cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Plasma G-CSF levels tended to be higher in patients with advanced TNM stage than in localized TNM stage (I, II Adenocarcinoma ; Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar ; Adrenal Glands ; Biomarkers ; Carcinoma, Large Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Plasma ; Recurrence ; Research Personnel ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Grapefruit seed extract has been reported to have antimicrobial effect. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-gingivitis effect of chewing gum containing grapefruit seed extract and xylitol. 40 healthy subjects with gingivitis or early periodontitis were divided into two groups. Subjects in the experimental group chewed gum containing grapefruit seed extract and xylitol while subjects in the control group chewed gum containing only xylitol. All subjects received scaling and tooth brushing instruction. 1 week after scaling was set as baseline. Gingival index and plaque index were scored at baseline, 1 week, 2 week, 3 week and 4 week. Bleeding index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were scored at baseline, 2 week and 4 week. The number of total bacteria and Streptococcus mutans in unstimulated saliva of experimental group were counted at 1 week, 2 week, 3 week and 4 week. Gingival indices of experimental group and control group at baseline, 1 week, 2 week, 3 week and 4 week were 0.850+/-0.298, 0.575+/-0.345, 0.533+/-0.332, 0.459+/-0.311, 0.408+/-0.224 and 0.758+/-0.379, 0.592+/-0.296, 0.563+/-0.281, 0.454+/-0.194, 0.413+/-0.199 (mean+/-SD), respectively. Plaque indices of experimental group and control group at baseline, 1 week, 2 week, 3 week and 4 week were 0.497+/-0.500, 0.375+/-0.484, 0.332+/-0.471, 0.286+/-0.452, 0.210+/-0.407 and 0.411+/-0.492, 0.375+/-0.484, 0.354+/-0.479, 0.313+/-0.463, 0.193+/-0.395, respectively. Bleeding indices of experimental group and control group at baseline, 2 week and 4 week were 0.377+/-0.177, 0.298+/-0.152, 0.192+/-0.108 and 0.383+/-0.124, 0.318+/-0.153, 0.225+/-0.126, respectively. Probing pocket depth of experimental group and control group at baseline, 2 week and 4 week were 2.56+/-1.00, 2.40+/-0.65, 2.23+/-0.64 and 2.45+/-0.68, 2.37+/-0.57, 2.19+/-0.57, respectively. Clinical attachment level of experimental group and control group at baseline, 2 week and 4 week were 2.58+/-1.01, 2.43+/-0.67, 2.26+/-0.65 and 2.49+/-0.70, 2.40+/-0.59, 2.22+/-0.62, respectively. The % of reduction of total bacteria in saliva of experimental group at 2 week, 3 week and 4 week were 46 +/- 53%, 53 +/- 5% and 69 +/- 33%. The % of reduction of Streptococcus mutans count in saliva of experimental group at 2 week, 3 week and 4 week were 52 +/- 69%, 88 +/- 30% and 89 +/- 17%. From these findings, it can be concluded that regular use of grapefruit seed extract /xylitol chewing gum may be effective to control and prevent gingivitis and may have caries-preventive effect.