Background: Since 2003, the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype has caused massive economic losses in the poultry industry in South Korea. The role of inland water bodies in avian influenza (AI) outbreaks has not been investigated. Identifying water bodies that facilitate risk pathways leading to the incursion of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) into poultry farms is essential for implementing specific precautionary measures to prevent viral transmission. Objectives: This matched case-control study (1:4) examined whether inland waters were associated with a higher risk of AI outbreaks in the neighboring poultry farms. Methods: Rivers, irrigation canals, lakes, and ponds were considered inland water bodies.The cases and controls were chosen based on the matching criteria. The nearest possible farms located within a radius of 3 km of the case farms were chosen as the control farms.The poultry farms were selected randomly, and two HPAI epidemics (H5N8 [2014–2016] and H5N6 [2016–2017]) were studied. Conditional logistic regression analysis was applied. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that inland waters near poultry farms were significant risk factors for AI outbreaks. The study speculated that freely wandering wild waterfowl and small animals contaminate areas surrounding poultry farms. Conclusions Pet birds and animals raised alongside poultry birds on farm premises may wander easily to nearby waters, potentially increasing the risk of AI infection in poultry farms. Mechanical transmission of the AI virus occurs when poultry farm workers or visitors come into contact with infected water bodies or their surroundings. To prevent AI outbreaks in the future, poultry farms should adopt strict precautions to avoid contact with nearby water bodies and their surroundings.

Purpose: To investigate the MRI features associated with neural foraminal stenosis (NFS) in patients older than 60 years with lumbar (L) radiculopathy. Materials and Methods: This study included 133 retrospectively selected patients older than 60 years with lumbar radiculopathy who had undergone a lumbar spine MRI (from January 2018 to April 2018). For L4/L5 and L5/sacral (S)1 levels, NFS was reviewed blindly by two radiologists. Spondylolisthesis, retrolisthesis, disc height loss, disc bulging/herniation/central canal stenosis, ligamentum flavum thickening, and facet hypertrophy were evaluated separately for the NFS and non-NFS groups, and they were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The univariate analysis revealed that disc height loss (p = 0.006) was associated with NFS for L4/L5. For L5/S1, both spondylolisthesis (p = 0.005) and facet hypertrophy (p = 0.006) were associated with NFS. The multivariate logistic analysis revealed that disc height loss was associated with NFS for L4/L5 [odds ratio (OR) = 4.272; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.736– 10.514]. For L5/S1, spondylolisthesis (OR = 3.696; 95% CI 1.297–10.530) and facet hypertrophy (OR = 6.468; 95% CI 1.283–32.617) were associated with NFS. Conclusion Disc height loss was associated with NFS for L4/L5 and spondylolisthesis and facet hypertrophy were associated with NFS for L5/S1.

Purpose: To investigate the MRI features associated with neural foraminal stenosis (NFS) in patients older than 60 years with lumbar (L) radiculopathy. Materials and Methods: This study included 133 retrospectively selected patients older than 60 years with lumbar radiculopathy who had undergone a lumbar spine MRI (from January 2018 to April 2018). For L4/L5 and L5/sacral (S)1 levels, NFS was reviewed blindly by two radiologists. Spondylolisthesis, retrolisthesis, disc height loss, disc bulging/herniation/central canal stenosis, ligamentum flavum thickening, and facet hypertrophy were evaluated separately for the NFS and non-NFS groups, and they were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The univariate analysis revealed that disc height loss (p = 0.006) was associated with NFS for L4/L5. For L5/S1, both spondylolisthesis (p = 0.005) and facet hypertrophy (p = 0.006) were associated with NFS. The multivariate logistic analysis revealed that disc height loss was associated with NFS for L4/L5 [odds ratio (OR) = 4.272; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.736– 10.514]. For L5/S1, spondylolisthesis (OR = 3.696; 95% CI 1.297–10.530) and facet hypertrophy (OR = 6.468; 95% CI 1.283–32.617) were associated with NFS. Conclusion Disc height loss was associated with NFS for L4/L5 and spondylolisthesis and facet hypertrophy were associated with NFS for L5/S1.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate clinical significance and imaging findings of newly detected lesions on breast MRI while monitoring patients’ response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Materials and Methods: We identified 291 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer who underwent breast MRI to assess their response to NAC between January 2017 and August 2021. We evaluated 26 new lesions in 24 women (mean age, 49.8 years; range, 35–63 years) who were included in this study. Two radiologists assessed imaging findings of new lesions according to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon 5th edition and evaluated follow-up MRI during NAC. Outcomes of new lesions were determined based on pathologic examination or imaging follow-up after surgery. Results: All 26 new lesions were found on the first follow-up imaging. They disappeared or decreased in size on the second follow-up imaging. Lesion types included mass (n = 22, 84.6%) and non-mass enhancement (n = 4, 15.4%). The majority of the mass types showed oval to round shapes (22/22, 100%), circumscribed margins (21/22, 95.5%), and rim enhancement (18/22, 81.8%). Seven (26.9%) new lesions were ipsilateral to the index cancer, 7 (26.9%) were contralateral, and 12 (46.2%) were bilateral. None of these new lesions were malignant. Conclusion New lesions were detected in 4.7% of breast MRI during NAC. Most new lesions tended to