Hairy polyp is an uncommon lesion of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. It is most frequently seen as a pedunculated mass at birth or in the first year of life. It generally has been classified as dermoid derived from the ectoderm and mesoderm. The symptoms depend on the size and location of the lesion. We report the clinico-pathological features of a hairy polyp arising from the right nasopharyngeal side of soft palate in a 21-day-old girl. Grossly, a well demarcated brownish yellow solid mass, measuring 2.7x1.5x1.2 cm, showed fine hairs on the surface. The cut surface was a yellowish brown solid appearance. Microscopically, it was covered with keratinizing squamous epithelium and was composed of mature adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, a few peripheral nerve bundles, and blood vessels in the center and mature pilosebaceous units in the periphery. Knowledge of this type of malformation facilitates early intervention and avoids significant morbidity.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Vessels ; Dermoid Cyst ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Ectoderm ; Epithelium ; Female ; Hair ; Humans ; Infant* ; Mesoderm ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Nasopharynx ; Oropharynx ; Palate, Soft* ; Parturition ; Peripheral Nerves ; Polyps*

No abstract available.
Carcinoma* ; Pilomatrixoma*

PURPOSE: Biologic characteristics of the tumors could be altered after chemotherapy. Accurate assessment of tumor biology before treatment is important for selecting treatment modalities. Current study was designed to investigate whether multiple molecular markers could be accurately assayed on the fine needle aspirates from the breast carcinoma. METHODS: Immunocytochemical assays (ICA) for p53, cyclin D1, and cathepsin D were performed on cytologic samples from 76 primary breast carcinomas, 37 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 36 benign ductal hyperplasia. ICA for 3 molecules was also performed on the histologic sections from the matching tumor blocks, and the results were compared. RESULTS: Three molecular markers were successfully detected in cytologic samples from the breast carcinomas; p53 in 71.1% (54/76), cyclin D1 in 73.7% (56/76), and cathepsin D in 44.7% (34/76). Their expression was rarely observed in benign hyperplasia; p53 in 0/36, cyclin D1 in 7/36, and cathepsin D in 4/36. Increase of expression frequency of 3 molecules was apparent through the progress of the disease. Results of ICA for each molecules were well correlated between cytologic and histologic samples; concordance was 93.4% (71/76) for p53, 81.6% (62/76) for cyclin D1, and 73.7% (56/76) for cathepsin D. When 3 molecular markers were integrated to the preoperative diagnosis, positive predictive value was 90.6% for malignant breast disease. CONCLUSION: Three molecular markers were successfully assayed on cytologic samples and well correlated with the results from the histologic sections. The results indicate that the biologic information from the fine needle aspirates can be reliably integrated to patients treatment.
Biology ; Breast Diseases ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Cathepsin D* ; Cathepsins* ; Cyclin D1* ; Cyclins* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Needles ; Population Characteristics

PURPOSE: Most tests developed for the determination of the HER2 status still require validation, although identification of the HER2 status is important for predicting the response to specific systemic therapy in breast cancer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed for the HER2 expression on the tissue microarray (TMA) from primary breast cancers to validate the feasibility of IHC for HER2 assay. METHODS: A TMA was constructed from 134~231 primary breast cancers. FISH and IHC were repeated more than twice, and the results were analyzed. Three kinds of primary antibody for IHC were used and compared. RESULTS: The HER2 was amplified by FISH in 24~28% of breast cancer with a concordance between multiple assays of 92~100% (kappa=0.994-0.965), while the HER2 was overexpressed in 21~27% by IHC. The HER2 was amplified in 70~100% of the IHC 3+ cases, but was observed in only 45~78% and 5~12% of the IHC 2+ and IHC 0~1+ cases, respectively. The results from the IHC, using 3 different primary antibodies to HER2, were in good agreement each other at 88~92% (kappa=0.902-0.799). CONCLUSION: The results of the FISH appeared to be more reproducible than those of the IHC in the current study. The results of the IHC were not different from each other according to primary antibody used. However, a considerable proportions of the IHC positive cases were not confirmed by the FISH. This report indicates a need to improve the laboratory quality control measures when using the IHC for the HER2 assay, including the periodic testing for the concordance with FISH.
Antibodies ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Fluorescence* ; Immunohistochemistry* ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Quality Control

Cystic nephroma (CN) is a benign cystic neoplasm composed of mixed epithelial and stromal elements. Less than 200 cases have been reported. We had a patient, a 41-year-old woman, who had a huge typical CN. The patient was admitted for a right renal mass that was found incidentally. On laparaoscopic right nephrectomy, there was an encapsulated 7 cm multilocular cystic mass at the upper pole. Microscopically, the cystic wall was lined by a single layer of low cuboidal or hobnail epithelium without a solid area. The thin septa were composed of bland, ovarian type spindle cells. The main differential diagnoses were mixed epithelial and stromal tumor (MEST), low grade multilocular renal cell carcinoma, and tubulocystic carcinoma. The results of immunohistochemical staining were cytokeratin 7/19(+/+) and CD10(-) in lining epithelium, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor(+/+) in stromal cells. After surgery, she was free of recurrence for 10 months. We report this rare case and compare it with other cystic renal tumors, especially MEST.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Epithelium ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Keratins ; Kidney ; Nephrectomy ; Receptors, Estrogen ; Recurrence ; Stromal Cells

Cathepsin D is a protease which is known to facilitate invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma. Overexpression of cathepsin D is associated with poor clinical outcome and biologic aggressiveness of the breast cancer. We underwent immunocytochemical assay(ICA) for cathepsin D in fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) specimens from the breast carcinoma and benign breast diseases. In FNAC specimens cathepsin D was expressed in 21(42.9%) out of 49 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, whereas negative result was observed in all 15 cases of benign breast diseases including 7 fibroadenomas, 6 fibrocystic diseases, and 2 benign ductal hyperplasias. Among the 11 FNAC specimens from ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS), cathepsin D was expressed in 3 cases(27.3%). In FNAC specimens immunocytochemistry for cathepsin D showed positive result in 24 out of 60 carcinomas(sensitivity, 40%) and negative result in 15 out of all 15 benign breast diseases(specificity, 100%). No significant correlation was noted between cathepsin D expression in FNAC specimen and clinicohistological characteristics of the breast carcinoma, such as hormone receptors and cell differentiation. In conclusion, ICA of cathepsin D in FNAC specimens thought to be a good adjunct to differentiate malignancy from benign breast diseases.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Breast Diseases* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Cathepsin D* ; Cathepsins* ; Cell Differentiation ; Fibroadenoma ; Hyperplasia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neoplasm Metastasis

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has become a highly preferred, minimally invasive diagnostic tool of choice in the diagnosis of a palpable breast mass owing to its sensitivity, specificity, cost-effectiveness, and expediency. Although breast needle biopsies have been widely employed recently due to the increased detection rate of nonpalpable early lesions, the importance of the use of FNAC cannot be underestimated. It comprises part of the diagnostic triad for the breast along with a physical examination and mammography, which together contribute to an increasing diagnostic accuracy. The differential diagnosis of a benign and malignant lesion is of the utmost importance in the diagnosis of breast lesions, and therefore the understanding of the possible diagnostic pitfalls is of great importance.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Biopsy, Needle ; Breast* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Mammography ; Physical Examination ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: Identification of HER-2/neu status is important in predicting the response to specific chemotherapy in breast carcinoma patients and HER-2/neu status is associated with poor clinical outcome even with systemic chemotherapy. Introduction of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows an accurate assessment of the level of gene amplification with information about distribution of gene copies in histologic sections. METHODS: HER-2/neu status was performed on paraffin sections of 176 primary breast carcinomas by FISH, using PathVysion and by immunohistochemistry (IHC), using HercepTest. The results of HER-2/neu amplification was compared with clinical and pathological prognostic factors. RESULTS: HER-2/neu amplification and overexpression were detected in 51 tumors (29.0%) by FISH and 32 tumors (18.2%) by IHC. The results of each method agreed with each other in 157 tumors (concordance: 89.2%, kappa=0.783). HER-2/neu amplification was associated with poor nuclear grade, marked nuclear pleomorphism, and presence of the combined ductal carcinoma in situ in the invasive ductal carcinomas as well as Van Nuys grade of the ductal carcinoma in situ component (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of FISH and IHC demonstrated an excellent correlation of HER-2/neu overexpression 2+ and 3+ with gene amplification. However, FISH may be a more accurate and reliable method for negative and 1+ cases. HER-2/neu amplification proves to be of prognostic relevance.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Drug Therapy ; Fluorescence* ; Gene Amplification ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry* ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Paraffin

Fine-needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) has been used extensively in the diagnosis of metastatic malignancies. However, metastatic soft tissue sarcomas are often overlooked, primarily due to the low frequency with which they occur. Here, we report a rare case of metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma in both cervical lymph nodes, which was detected by FNAC. A 45-year-old woman presented with anosmia, postnasal drip, and sneezing, symptoms which had persisted for 1 month. The patient was found to have a tumorous lesion at the upper portion of the mid-turbinate, with multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes, and this lesion was examined closely at our facility. FNA cytology smears obtained from both cervical lymph nodes revealed a high degree of cellularity, and displayed cohesive clusters with gland-like spaces, as well as single isolated cells with abundant karyorrhectic debris. The tumor cells exhibited round to oval nuclei containing fine chromatin, occasional small nucleoli, and scanty cytoplasm, or a total lack of cytoplasm. Some of the tumor cells were arranged in multinucleated forms and abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasms, reminiscent of a rhabdomyoblast. The histological findings of the lymph nodes revealed an outstanding sinusoidal infiltration and a prominent alveolar growth pattern, interspersed with occasional typical rhabdomyoblasts. The immunohistochemical results [desmin(+), myoglobin(+), myogenin (+), pan CK(-), synaptophysin(-), neuron specific enolase(-)] supported a confirmative diagnosis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a representative sarcoma, which typically manifests with nodal metastasis and carcinoma-like clustering. The cytopathologist should remain alert upon encountering unusual morphology, so that the possibility of this condition, although somewhat remote, should not be dismissed or overlooked.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Chromatin ; Cytoplasm ; Diagnosis ; Eosinophils ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Myogenin ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neurons ; Olfaction Disorders ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar* ; Sarcoma ; Sneezing

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with clinically negative lymph node after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Fifty-nine women underwent 4 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin (75 mg/m2) plus docetaxel (75 mg/m2), or with doxorubicin (50 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) and 5-fluorouracil (500 mg/m2) for their primary breast cancer. Their median age was 41 yr (range: 29-62) and all the tumors were larger than 3 cm in maximum diameter. SLNB was performed 3 min after periareolar injection of 1% isosulfan blue dye. All the patients underwent lymph node dissection at the level 1 and 2 axillary areas irrespective of their nodal status. RESULTS: A clinical response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was observed in 46 patients (88%) and 11 (18.7%) patients had a complete pathologic response. Thirty-five patients (62.7%) underwent breast conserving surgery. The sentinel lymph node was identified in 96.6% and the median number of sentinel nodes was 3 (range: 1-6). The median number of dissected nodes was 14 (range: 11-47). Metastasis to the lymph node was observed in 56% of the patients. The sentinel lymph node was the only metastatic node in 12 patients. Three patients with a negative sentinel lymph node were confirmed to have metastasis to non-sentinel nodes after the final histologic examination (false negative rate: 9.1%). The overall accuracy of SLNB was 94.7%. CONCLUSION: SLNB after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was a safe method in patients with clinically negative lymph node.
Breast Neoplasms ; Cyclophosphamide ; Doxorubicin ; Drug Therapy* ; Epirubicin ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy*