No abstract available.

Functional paraganglioma of the mediastinum is an uncommon tumor of the paraganglion system that causes symptoms and signs of episodic catecholamine release. It has not been reported in Korea. We experienced a case of a 17 years old man with a history of diaphoresis and paroxysmal hypertension refractory to therapy since 14 years old. Urinary execretion of catecholamine and its metabolites were elevated. Computed tomography(CT) scan revealed high density mass located on the posterior mediastinum in the area of the right fifth intercostal space. At thoracotomy, a 3X3X4cm sized lesion was resected and confirmed as a paraganglioma.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Korea ; Mediastinum* ; Paraganglioma* ; Pheochromocytoma ; Thoracotomy

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-characterized membrane-bound receptors in innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells. Upon recognition of specific ligands originating from pathogen- and modified self-derived molecules, TLRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades that involve various adaptor proteins and enzymes, resulting in the generation of proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses through the activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB. TLR-dependent signaling pathways are tightly regulated during innate immune responses by a variety of negative regulators. This review focuses on the newly described regulation of TLR-dependent signaling pathways, and emphasizes the roles of TLRs in innate immunity. Efforts to modulate these regulatory pathways and signaling molecules may result in the development of new therapeutic strategies through TLR-based therapy.
Dendritic Cells ; Immunity, Innate ; Ligands ; Macrophages ; Proteins ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Transcription Factors

The nuclear receptor superfamily consists of the steroid and non-steroid hormone receptors and the orphan nuclear receptors. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an orphan family nuclear receptor that plays an essential role in the regulation of glucose and cholesterol metabolism. Recent studies reported a previously unidentified role for SHP in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. The innate immune system has a critical function in the initial response against a variety of microbial and danger signals. Activation of the innate immune response results in the induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to promote anti-microbial effects. An excessive or uncontrolled inflammatory response is potentially harmful to the host, and can cause tissue damage or pathological threat. Therefore, the innate immune response should be tightly regulated to enhance host defense while preventing unwanted immune pathologic responses. In this review, we discuss recent studies showing that SHP is involved in the negative regulation of toll-like receptor-induced and NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3)-mediated inflammatory responses in innate immune cells. Understanding the function of SHP in innate immune cells will allow us to prevent or modulate acute and chronic inflammation processes in cases where dysregulated innate immune activation results in damage to normal tissues.
Chemokines ; Child ; Child, Orphaned ; Cholesterol ; Cytokines ; Glucose ; Humans ; Immune System ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammasomes ; Inflammation ; Metabolism ; Orphan Nuclear Receptors ; Social Control, Formal ; Toll-Like Receptors

PURPOSE: The commonly accepted diagnostic algorithm for hematuria includes excretory urography (IVU) and cystoscopy at a urologic department. The clinical courses was determined and a less invasive algorithm for young male patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria is suggested. MATERIALS AND MTHODS: A total of 310 males with an asymptomatic microscopic hematuria were enrolled retrospectively in the study at our clinic between January 1997 and December 2000. The mean age of the patients was 20.9 years (range 19 to 25). The initial urologic evaluation consisted of a urinalysis. If the results of the initial urologic evaluation were within the normal range, a cystoscopic examination was recommended as a further evaluation. Ninety-two patients underwent a cystoscopy. All patients were followed by urinalysis. The grade of microscopic hematuria with persistency, and the detection rate of abnormal findings in urologic evaluation were compared. RESULTS: There was a relationship between the grade of hematuria and the rate of the persistency of hematuria, but no relationship between the grade of hematuria and the detection rate of abnormal findings in a urologic evaluation was found. The results of the excretory urography and ultrasound showed an interdependence. There were no significant findings in the cystoscopic examination. CONCLUSIONS: A periodical follow-up of urinalysis is a proper study for young male patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. In order to rule out upper urinary tract diseases, ultrasound and excretory urography can be useful. Furthermore, it is recommended that cystoscopy be done for selected cases in young male patients.
Cystoscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematuria* ; Humans ; Male* ; Reference Values ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography ; Urinalysis ; Urography ; Urologic Diseases

PURPOSE: The commonly accepted diagnostic algorithm for hematuria includes excretory urography (IVU) and cystoscopy at a urologic department. The clinical courses was determined and a less invasive algorithm for young male patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria is suggested. MATERIALS AND MTHODS: A total of 310 males with an asymptomatic microscopic hematuria were enrolled retrospectively in the study at our clinic between January 1997 and December 2000. The mean age of the patients was 20.9 years (range 19 to 25). The initial urologic evaluation consisted of a urinalysis. If the results of the initial urologic evaluation were within the normal range, a cystoscopic examination was recommended as a further evaluation. Ninety-two patients underwent a cystoscopy. All patients were followed by urinalysis. The grade of microscopic hematuria with persistency, and the detection rate of abnormal findings in urologic evaluation were compared. RESULTS: There was a relationship between the grade of hematuria and the rate of the persistency of hematuria, but no relationship between the grade of hematuria and the detection rate of abnormal findings in a urologic evaluation was found. The results of the excretory urography and ultrasound showed an interdependence. There were no significant findings in the cystoscopic examination. CONCLUSIONS: A periodical follow-up of urinalysis is a proper study for young male patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. In order to rule out upper urinary tract diseases, ultrasound and excretory urography can be useful. Furthermore, it is recommended that cystoscopy be done for selected cases in young male patients.
Cystoscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematuria* ; Humans ; Male* ; Reference Values ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography ; Urinalysis ; Urography ; Urologic Diseases

No abstract available.
Humans ; Korea ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Stroke

Although tuberculosis poses a significant health threat to the global population, it is a challenge to develop new and effective therapeutic strategies. Nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) are important in innate immune responses to various intracellular bacterial infections, including mycobacterial infections. It is generally recognized that reactive nitrogen intermediates play an effective role in host defense mechanisms against tuberculosis. In a murine model of tuberculosis, NO plays a crucial role in antimycobacterial activity; however, it is controversial whether NO is critically involved in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Here, we review the roles of NO in host defense against murine and human tuberculosis. We also discuss the specific roles of NO in the central nervous system and lung epithelial cells during mycobacterial infection. A greater understanding of these defense mechanisms in human tuberculosis will aid in the development of new strategies for the treatment of disease.
Bacterial Infections ; Central Nervous System ; Defense Mechanisms ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Lung ; Macrophages ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitrogen ; Tuberculosis

Autophagy is a housekeeping process that maintains cellular homeostasis through recycling of nutrients and degradation of damaged or aged cytoplasmic constituents. Over the past several years, accumulating evidence has suggested that autophagy can function as an intracellular innate defense pathway in response to infection with a variety of bacteria and viruses. Autophagy plays a role as a specialized immunologic effector and regulates innate immunity to exert antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Numerous bacterial pathogens have developed the ability to invade host cells or to subvert host autophagy to establish a persistent infection. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in our understanding of the interaction between antibacterial autophagy (xenophagy) and different bacterial pathogens.
Animals ; Autophagy/*physiology ; Bacterial Infections/*immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/physiology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism

Tumor-draining lymph node mononuclear (TDLMN) cells are specifically sensitized to the growing tumor but such cells are deficient for mediating an antitumor response. In this study, we examined the feasibility of using mycobacterial 30 kDa or Triton X-100 solubilized protein (TSP) antigen to stimulate mononuclear cells of colon cancer-draining lymph node for the generation of cell mediated immune effector cells. The proliferative response of TDLMN cells stimulated with mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was determined by H-thymidine incorporation assay. The proliferation of TDLMN cells to mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was significantly increased in PPD (+) patients, but a poor response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen was observed in PPD (-). The expression on ro T cells to mycobacterial 30 kDa or TSP antigen was assessed by flow cytometry. The ro T cells from PPD (+) patient responded only to 30 kDa antigen but to TSP antigen. An investigation of cytokine mRNA expression was undertaken using reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to follow TDLMN cells stimulated with the 30 kDa or TSP antigens for 5 days. The IFN-r and TNF-a mRNA expression was only induced in TDLMN cells of PPD (+) patient in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. The IL-2 mRNA expression was induced in both PPD (+) and PPD (-) in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. But the IL-4 mRNA expression was not induced in response to the 30 kDa or TSP antigen. These results suggest that the 30 kDa and TSP antigens may serve as biologic response modifier for the generation of cell mediated immune effector cells.
Colon* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-4 ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Negotiating ; Neptune* ; Octoxynol* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; T-Lymphocytes