PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a tool to measure job stress related to occupational characteristics of infection control nurses. METHODS: The tool was developed through the steps of literature reviews, preparatory questions, and a test of validity and confidence. The participants were 212 infection control nurses from 145 Korean hospitals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, item analysis, factor analysis. RESULTS: Through factor analysis, 38 items in four domains and nine factors were derived. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the final instrument was .95. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the measurement tool is reliable and valid to measure the job stress of infection control nurses.
Infection Control*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the training effectiveness and behavior towards the elderly of 180 caregiver trainees. METHODS: Data were collected from five caregiver training institutions located in G city. All subjects were surveyed about the training effectiveness and behavior towards the elderly by using the Training Effectiveness Scale and the Behavior towards the Elderly Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: The study subjects gained a training effectiveness score of 3.84 out of 5 points and a behavior towards the elderly score 3.40 out of 4 points. The training effectiveness differed significantly depending on subject's characteristics, intention to work as a caregiver, and hours of training. There were significant differences in behavior towards the elderly depending on their age and hours of training. The training effectiveness was significantly correlated with the level of behavior towards the elderly. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated the necessity of developing a level of educational training that will help improve caregiver trainees' care by positively changing their behavior towards the elderly.
Aged ; Caregivers ; Humans ; Intention

PURPOSE: This study was designed to construct a structural model for explaining model health-related quality of life in acquired people with physical disabilities. METHOD: The hypothetical model of this study was consisted of 6 latent variables and 14 observed variables. Exogenous variables included in this model were physical status and economical level. Endogenous variables were social attitudes, family function, self-esteem, and health-related quality of life. Data were collected from 226 acquired people with physical disabilities residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do from January to February, 2005. The collected data were analyzed using SAS 8.2 version and LISREL 8.32 version program. RESULTS: The results of the fitness test of the modified model were follow as; chi-square=67.479 (df=50, p=.05), GFI= .959, AGFI=.914, SRMR=.049, NFI=.961, NNFI=.979, CN=249.244. Health-related quality of life was influenced directly by physical status, economic level, and social attitudes and accounted for 88.8% of the variance by these factors. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that physical status is the most significant effect on health-related quality of life, and social attitudes and economic level are important factors having influences on health- related quality of life. Therefore improving physical status and economic level, and modifying negative attitudes are necessary to increase health-related quality of life of acquired people with acquired physical disabilities.
Disabled Persons ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Models, Structural ; Quality of Life* ; Seoul

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of aroma foot bath on urination status (Prostatic Symptom and bother score due to urinary symptoms) and stress related to urination in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: This study consists of pre- and post-tests in a non-equivalent group design. The 52 BPH patients selected by random sampling in G City were assigned to two groups (experimental group=26, control group=26). Data of their general characteristics, urination status and stress related to urination were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Aroma Foot Bath was performed to the experimental group for 15-20 minutes every day for a week. Descriptive statistics and independent t-test were used for the analyses in this study with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 version program. RESULTS: Prostatic symptom and bother score due to urinary symptoms in the experimental group were improved than those in the control group (t=-7.94, p<.001). Compared to the control group, the stress related to urination in the experimental group (t=-8.78, p<.001) was significantly reduced (t=-5.21, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that aroma foot bath is effective in improving urination status and reducing stress related to urination in BPH patients.
Aromatherapy ; Baths* ; Foot* ; Humans ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Urination Disorders ; Urination*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether subjective health and social support influence depression directly or indirectly through self-control of the physically disabled. METHOD: A five item General Health Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey Questionnaire was used to measure subjective health. Social support and self-control were measured by Social Support Questionnaire 6 and Mastery Scale. The level of depression was measured by CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression). RESULT: The level of depression was high (M=22.23). Seventy percent of the subjects were depressed. Subjective health and satisfaction with social support influenced self-control. Subjective health influenced the level of depression directly and indirectly, but self-control influenced the level of depression only directly. CONCLUSION: Subjective health and satisfaction with social support influenced depression through self-control in physically disabled persons. Therefore, when we manage these subjects' depression, it is seemed that program which lowers the level of depression by assessing and correcting these factors should be prepared.
Depression* ; Disabled Persons* ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of the study was to investigate social support, depression, drinking and smoking in college and working females. The convenience sample consisted of 169 college females and 133 working females. Data were collected from March to May, 2000. Social support was measured by the 6-item Social Support Questionnaire which assesses the size of the emotional social support network and satisfaction with social support. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was utilized to measure the level of depression symptoms. The average number of drinks and cigarettes smoked per week during the previous month was assessed. Results indicated that college students had more social support than working females. However, there were no significant differences in satisfaction with their support, depression, drinking and smoking between two groups. College females who smoked cigarettes were more depressed and had less social support than those who did not smoke. Also college females who drank alcohol were more depressed than those who did not drink during the previous month. However, the level of social support and depression were not associated with drinking and smoking among working females. Based on the results, it is suggested the application of various interventions to deal with drinking and smoking behavior among college and working females.
Depression* ; Drinking* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female* ; Humans ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to happiness in first year women nursing students. METHODS: The sample consisted of 209 first year women nursing students in three colleges located in S and C cities. Data were collected during October and November 2011. The major variables for this study were depression, self-esteem, optimism, interpersonal relation, and happiness. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation coefficient, and multiple stepwise regression with SPSS/WIN 17.0. RESULTS: There were significant differences in student happiness according to economic status, satisfaction with major, satisfaction with the present college, and health status. Happiness was significantly correlated with depression, self-esteem, optimism, and interpersonal relations. Self-esteem, optimism, interpersonal relations, and satisfaction with major were significant predictors of happiness for first year women nursing students and these four factors accounted for 71% of the variance in happiness. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem, optimism, interpersonal relations, and satisfaction with major should be considered when addressing ways to increase happiness in first year women nursing students.
Depression ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships among social support (network, composition, and satisfaction), stress, and loneliness in migrant Yanbian Korean workers. METHOD: Data were collected by using Social Support Questionnaire 6, Visual Analogue Scale, and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. RESULT: Results indicate that means for social support were 1.52 for network size and 4.83 for satisfaction. The proportion percentage of network for kin members was 67.37. Subjects felt the moderate level of stress and loneliness. The level of loneliness was negatively related to the level of social support. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there is necessity to reduce stress and loneliness among migrant Yanbian Korean workers. Adequate social support satisfaction is crucial to reduce the level of loneliness in migrant Yanbian Korean workers.
Humans ; Loneliness* ; Transients and Migrants*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the teachers' attitudes, discrimination, and causes of prejudice towards people with mental illnesses. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used and participants included 158 teachers who were recruited from four schools in S and G cities, Korea. From October to December, 2011, data on general characteristics, attitudes, discrimination and causes of prejudice towards people with mental illnesses were collected using self-administered questionnaires. SPSS/WIN 18.0 version was used for descriptive analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. RESULTS: The mean scores of teachers' attitudes towards people with mental illness were, authoritarianism, 3.24, benevolence, 2.96, social restrictiveness, 3.44 and community mental health ideology, 2.75. There were significant differences in benevolence according to age. The experience of meeting people with mental illness contributed to positive attitudes towards people with mental illness in the benevolence subscale. There were significant differences in social restrictiveness according to residence. There were significant differences in discrimination according to age. Subscales of attitudes were significantly correlated with discrimination. CONCLUSION: These results emphasize a need for continuous education not only of teachers but also of the general population.
Authoritarianism ; Beneficence ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Disorders ; Mental Health ; Prejudice ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among anger, depression, and self-esteem in female college students. METHODS: First-semester nursing students (N=248) completed surveys to estimate correlations of anger, depression, and self-esteem. Participants were recruited from two colleges in S and G cities, Korea. Data were collected from April 10 to 30, 2011. Measurement tools were for anger, Novaco Anger Scale (NAS), for depression, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and for self-esteem, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. SPSS/WIN 17.0 version was used for descriptive analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. RESULTS: There were significant differences in self-esteem according to mood of family. Anger was significantly correlated with depression and self-esteem, which were significant predictors (30.0%) of anger. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that health promotion programs conducted by nurses for college student health care should target depression while bolstering self-esteem to promote anger management.
Anger* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Depression* ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing