PURPOSE: We assessed the significance of renal resistive index (RI) in the diagnosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Duplex Doppler ultrasonography was performed in 4 children with unilateral ureteral obstruction which was proved by excretory urography, diuretic renal scan, and/ or pressure flow study. Renal RI values and RI ratios were calculated. RESULTS: They were 3 males and one female 4 to 26 months old. In all cases, mean RI values of obstructed kidneys were higher than 0.70 which was discriminatory level for obstruction in adults. In contralateral normal kidneys, RI values were widely distributed (0.61 to 0.79). Mean RI values of obstructed kidneys were larger than that of contralateral normal kidneys, and RI ratios were larger than 1.11 in all patients. CONCLUSION: We believe that the comparison of RI value between obstructed and contralateral normal kidney is valuable in the diagnosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction in children, and that RI ratio is also significantly. A prospective study with a larger number of patients is required to confirm this finding.
Adult ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Male ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex ; Ureter* ; Ureteral Obstruction* ; Urography

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of transthoracic fine needle aspiration cytology(TFNAC) in the preoperative diagnosis of pulmonary nodules, a retrospective analysis was carried out on a consecutive series of 200 TFNACs. They included 186 primary malignant tumors, 66 squamous cell carcinomas, 65 adenocarcinomas, 36 small cell carcinomas, 7 large cell carcinomas, 4 carcinoids, 8 others, 9 metastatic tumors, and 5 benign tumors. On cytohistologic correlation of malignant pulmonary tumors, the pro- cedure had a sensitivity of 97.3% and a specificity of 100%. A 86.6% correct correlation between the cytologic and histologic diagnoses was achieved. Five out of the 7 undifferentiated large cell carcinomas, 10 out of the 65 adenocarcinomas, 2 out of the 36 small cell carcinomas, and 2 out of the 66 squamous cell carcinomas were turned out to be mistyped in cytologic diagnosis. We concluded that TFNAC is a highly sensitive and specific preoperative diagnostic procedure in the investigation of patients with discrete pulmonary nodules in whom the specific cell type of the malignant neoplasm has important implications in treatment modality and prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma ; Bezafibrate ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Carcinoid Tumor ; Carcinoma, Large Cell ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Diagnosis ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis* ; Kidney* ; Natural History* ; Papanicolaou Test ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

We have reviewed 251 children with urinary tract infection who were seen in our hospital during the last 5 years. Underlying abnormalities of the urinary tract were found in 154 patients(61 %). This figure is high because referred patients from other physicians for further treatment are included here. Of these 154 patients, surgical treatments were required in 85. The most frequent finding was vesicoureteral reflux(110 pts). Obstructive lesions were found in 44 pts ; UPJ obstruction in 9, megaureter in 6, obstruction associated with duplication in 6, urethral valve in 5, neurogenic bladder in 11, and others in 7. Abnormal findings without clinical significance were found in additional 17 pts. To evaluate the role of ultrasonography(US), we have compared findings of intravenous pyelography(IVP) and US. Of 58 pts who had both studies, 52 showed identical findings. US failed in detection of small renal scar and duplication of collecting system. US in combination with voiding cystourethrography(VCU) identified abnormal findings in most cases. It is our impression that US can replace IVP as a screening procedure which should be performed with VCU in every child with proven UTI. And as IVP is superior in imaging anatomical details than US, we recommend IVP before any surgical attempt.
Child* ; Cicatrix ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

During the lest 7 years 21 children with vesicoureteral reflux and neurogenic bladder dysfunction and 46 children with primary vesicoureteral reflux were followed. At the time of initial presentation, the mean age of the former group was 5.5 years and the letter group, 2.8 years. The grade of reflux and the nephropathy were more severe in the children with neuropathic bladder than in the children with primary vesicoureteral reflux But in the same reflux grade, there was no statistical difference in the nephropathy between the two groups. The children with vesicoureteral reflux and neuropathic bladder were managed with drug therapy, intermittent catheterization, urinary diversion and ureteral reimplantation. Radiological followup revealed that resolution or improvement of reflux occurred in 36 per cent of renal units managed by intermittent catheterization and 100 per cent in which the ureters were reimplanted. As in the non-neurogenic bladder successful management of reflux and prevention of upper tract deterioration can be achieved by conservative management as well as by ureteroneocystostomy.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Child* ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Replantation ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic* ; Urinary Catheterization ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux*

Acute bacterial sinusitis is one of the most common diseases in children, and 5–13% of patients with viral upper respiratory infection experience secondary bacterial sinusitis as a complication. Isolated sphenoid sinusitis is rarer than frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinusitis. However, it presents potentially devastating complications, such as cranial nerve involvement, brain abscess, and meningitis, owing to its anatomical location. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) commonly causes acute bacterial sinusitis but rarely causes bacteremia, particularly in immunocompetent patients. We present a rare case of a 14-year-old boy with bacteremia due to isolated sphenoid sinusitis caused by NTHi.

A Schwannoma is a tumor originating from the neural sheath of Schwann cells, and is also known as a neurilemmoma, neurinoma or fibroblastoma. It can be either a benign or malignant tumor arising from the associated nerve sheath. Here, a case of a Schwannoma, originated from the obturator nerve of the pelvic cavity, in a patient with urinary frequency is reported, with a brief review of the literature.
Humans ; Neurilemmoma* ; Obturator Nerve* ; Pelvis ; Schwann Cells

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for low- to intermediate-risk prostate adenocarcinoma. Thirty-nine patients were retrospectively reviewed. The SBRT was delivered using the CyberKnife with the fiducial tracking method combined with In-tempo imaging. The gross target volume, which included the prostate only, was delineated on the fused CT/MRI scans. The prescription dose was delivered every other day as 5 fractions of 7.5 Gy. Venous blood was obtained before and after SBRT to assess the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Toxicity was evaluated using the CTCAE, v4.03. The median follow-up time was 30.0 months. The median initial PSA level was 7.7 ng/mL. PSA levels decreased in all patients treated with SBRT, and after 5 months, the median PSA was less than 2 ng/mL. The rate of overall 3-yr actuarial biochemical failure free survival was 93.9%. Acute side effects were generally comparable with those of previous studies. The PSA change and toxicity after SBRT for low- to intermediate-risk prostate adenocarcinoma indicates favorable biochemical responses and tolerable levels of toxicity. Additionally short course treatment may produce cost benefit and convenience to patients.
Adenocarcinoma/*diagnosis/*surgery ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*surgery ; Radiosurgery/*methods ; Radiotherapy Dosage ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ; Radiotherapy, Image-Guided/*methods ; Risk Assessment ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: To identify sexual function improvement associated with alfuzosin (10 mg daily for 2 years). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 30 men with lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) who visited Gyeongsang National University Hospital between 2010 and 2012. At first visit, urinalysis, prostate specific antigen, transrectal ultrasound, and uroflowmetry were performed. The nternational Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and Male Sexual Health Questionnaire Ejaculation Function Domain (MSHQ-EjFD) questionnaires were administered, and the subjects answered the same questionnaires at 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Twelve men completed of the entire study. After administration of alfuzosin, the median IPSS at first visit, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years was 18.00 (interquatile range [IQR]: 14.00~29.75), 20.00 (IQR: 11.50~30.00), 15.50 (IQR: 8.50~25.25), 14.50 (IQR: 9.25~19.50), and 11.50 (IQR: 5.00~17.75), respectively, which showed an improvement. The median QoL at the same times was 4.50 (IQR: 4.00~5.00), 4.50 (IQR: 4.00~5.00), 3.00 (IQR: 2.00~4.00), 3.50 (IQR: 2.25~4.00), and 3.00 (IQR: 1.00~3.00), respectively, and also showed improvement. Likewise, the median IIEF was 36.50 (IQR: 24.50~46.75), 37.50 (IQR: 26.75~47.25), 45.50 (IQR: 35.00~59.75), 48.50 (IQR: 34.75~62.75), and 47.50 (IQR: 43.25~61.00), while the median MSHQ-EjFD was 19.00 (IQR: 12.0~24.75), 19.50 (IQR: 13.50~27.75), 23.00 (IQR: 19.25~32.25), 26.50 (IQR: 18.25~34.50), 27.00 (IQR: 21.50~32.50), respectively, with both showing improvement. CONCLUSIONS: After administration of alfuzosin (10 mg daily for 2 years), the IPSS, QoL, IIEF, and MSHQ-EjFD all improved significantly. This means long-term administration of 10 mg of alfuzosin daily would be effective not only for LUTS but also erectile function and ejaculation.
Ejaculation ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Observational Study* ; Penile Erection ; Prospective Studies* ; Prostate ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproductive Health ; Ultrasonography ; Urinalysis ; Urinary Tract

PURPOSE: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy of the prostate is usually safe. However, some patients are hospitalized owing to complications from TRUS biopsy. We identified the risk factors for complications and effective preventive measures for treating complications after TRUS biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records and radiological images of 1,083 patients who underwent TRUS biopsy of the prostate over 10 years in Gyeongsang National University Hospital were examined retrospectively to investigate the correlation between complications after TRUS biopsy and preventive antibiotics, prebiopsy enema, number of biopsy cores, and pathological findings. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 69 patients (6.4%). The complication rates of the 1,008 patients who received antibiotics and the 75 patients who did not were 6.3% and 8.0%, respectively (p=0.469). Complication rates of the pre-biopsy enema group (n=658) and the group without prebiopsy enema (n=425) were 4.7% and 8.9%, respectively (p=0.007). Complication rates of the 6-core biopsy group (n=41) and the 12-core biopsy group (n=955) were 7.3% and 6.3%, respectively (p=0.891). Complication rates of the prostate cancer group (n=306) and the no prostate cancer group (n=713) were 6.2% and 6.6%, respectively (p=0.740). CONCLUSIONS: A prebiopsy enema was associated with a reduced risk of complications after TRUS biopsy. Preventive antibiotics, number of biopsy cores, and pathological findings did not significantly influence the complication rate.
Aged ; *Endosonography ; Enema/*methods ; Humans ; Image-Guided Biopsy/*adverse effects/methods ; Incidence ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*pathology ; Prostatitis/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention & control ; Rectum ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Syncope, Vasovagal/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention & control ; Urinary Retention/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention & control

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a herbal formula that mainly consists of Cornus officinalis for treating erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty patients suffering with erectile dysfunction were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. The average duration of erectile dysfunction of the herbal formula group(n=40) vs. the placebo group(n=40) were 19.33+/-18.13 months vs. 19.33+/-25.62 months, respectively. The safety variables we examined were the history, physical examination, vital signs, EKG, clinical laboratory tests and hormonal tests. Efficacy assessments included the International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF), the sexual encounter profile(SEP) diary and Global Assessment Questions(GAQ). RESULTS: No significant changes in the laboratory values, hormone tests and blood pressure were observed in both groups. In comparison with the placebo group(6.57+/-11.72), the herbal formula group experienced a significant improvement of the IIEF(11.13+/-11.83)(p<0.05). When the herbal formula and placebo groups were divided by age and the IIEF score (age: 50 years and IIEF: 42) and then compared, the low IIEF group(IIEFor=50) of the herbal formula group significantly improved their IIEF score(p<0.05). The herbal formula group significantly improved their GAQ score(p<0.05). The herbal formula was well tolerated. The common adverse events were headache(2.5%) and nausea(5%). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the herbal formula that mainly consists Cornus officinalis was not only effective at improving erectile function, but it was also safe for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Blood Pressure ; Cornus* ; Electrocardiography ; Erectile Dysfunction* ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Treatment Outcome ; Vital Signs