No abstract available.
Narcolepsy*

Rapid aging, economic development, lifestyle westernization, hygiene improvement, and scientific development have contributed for the epidemiologic changes of gastric cancer. This study aimed to review the descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of gastric cancer in Korea. Age-standardized incidence and mortality of gastric cancer have decreased and showed age effect and cohort effect. Annual percent change in the incidence of gastric cancer has been prominent in recent years. Major risk factor of gastric cancer is Helicobacter pylori infection. Although H. pylori infection was associated with only non-cardia gastric cancer in meta-analysis, H. pylori infection was associated with both non-cardia and cardia gastric cancer in Asian studies. The estimated population attributable fraction of H. pylori regarding gastric cancer incidence was about 76% in Korean. Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking was associated with gastric cancer regardless of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer. Cigarette smoking was estimated to be responsible for 28% of gastric cancer incidence in men and 2% in women. Obesity was risk factor for cardia gastric cancer but not non-cardia gastric cancer. This discrepancy between cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer was consistently shown in epidemiologic studies in Korea. Salt intake was also well-known risk factor of gastric cancer and prevalence of high sodium intake more than 2,000mg in Korean was 81.5%. For primary prevention of gastric cancer, eradication of H. pylori and life-style modification including no smoking, no alcohol drinking, weight control, and low sodium intake are important. Gastric endoscopy is recommended for secondary prevention of gastric cancer.
Aging ; Alcohol Drinking ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cardia ; Cohort Effect ; Economic Development ; Endoscopy ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Incidence ; Korea ; Life Style ; Male ; Mortality ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Primary Prevention ; Risk Factors ; Secondary Prevention ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Sodium ; Stomach Neoplasms

Rapid aging, economic development, lifestyle westernization, hygiene improvement, and scientific development have contributed for the epidemiologic changes of gastric cancer. This study aimed to review the descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of gastric cancer in Korea. Age-standardized incidence and mortality of gastric cancer have decreased and showed age effect and cohort effect. Annual percent change in the incidence of gastric cancer has been prominent in recent years. Major risk factor of gastric cancer is Helicobacter pylori infection. Although H. pylori infection was associated with only non-cardia gastric cancer in meta-analysis, H. pylori infection was associated with both non-cardia and cardia gastric cancer in Asian studies. The estimated population attributable fraction of H. pylori regarding gastric cancer incidence was about 76% in Korean. Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking was associated with gastric cancer regardless of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer. Cigarette smoking was estimated to be responsible for 28% of gastric cancer incidence in men and 2% in women. Obesity was risk factor for cardia gastric cancer but not non-cardia gastric cancer. This discrepancy between cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer was consistently shown in epidemiologic studies in Korea. Salt intake was also well-known risk factor of gastric cancer and prevalence of high sodium intake more than 2,000mg in Korean was 81.5%. For primary prevention of gastric cancer, eradication of H. pylori and life-style modification including no smoking, no alcohol drinking, weight control, and low sodium intake are important. Gastric endoscopy is recommended for secondary prevention of gastric cancer.

This paper reviews recent research findings on the population-attributable risk (PAR) of tobacco smoking in cancer incidence. It examines the components used in calculating PAR, specifically smoking prevalence and the relative risk of cancer associated with tobacco smoking.Current Concepts: The association between tobacco smoking and cancer risk is typically measured by the relative risk, which indicates how many times higher the cancer risk is in smokers compared to non-smokers. There is robust evidence that tobacco smoking is carcinogenic for cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, cervix, ovaries, kidneys, bladder, and myeloid leukemia. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that smoking increases the risk of these cancers by 2 to 10 times or more. The population attributable fraction of tobacco smoking for cancer quantifies the extent to which smoking contributes to cancer risk in a given population. Because PAR depends on smoking prevalence and relative risk, it is calculated and reported for each country and time point. According to a National Cancer Center report, in 2019 tobacco smoking accounted for 47% of esophageal cancers, 28% of stomach cancers, 27% of pancreatic cancers, 53% of lung cancers, and 43% of bladder cancers in Korean men.Discussion and Conclusion: The relative risk and population-attributable fraction serve as important indicators that inform policy development, prevention strategy formulation, resource allocation, health equity initiatives, public health awareness, and clinical practice.

The aim of this ecological study was to examine the correlation between cancer incidence and health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity, and investigated whether there were differences in this correlation between metropolitan areas and other regions. Data on health behaviors exposure/prevalence and cancer incidence rates for 227 administrative districts (cities and counties) were obtained. The average exposure proportion measured annually from 2008 to 2011 in the Korea Community Health Survey data and the age-standardized cancer incidence data from 2014 to 2018, obtained through the cancer registry data, were downloaded from the Statistics Korea website. To examine the relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity exposure rate (prevalence), and cancer incidence, a correlation analysis was conducted, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated. The correlation coefficient between male smoking and male cancer incidence rate across 227 districts was 0.259.This significance was more pronounced in large metropolitan areas, where the correlation coefficient was 0.631 in the 73 districts belonging to these areas. In large metropolitan areas, the correlation coefficient between alcohol consumption rate and cancer incidence rate was 0.390. In the correlation analysis between obesity prevalence and cancer incidence rate, no correlation was found in large metropolitan areas, while in areas outside of large cities, the correlation coefficient was –0.295, indicating a significant negative correlation. This ecological study demonstrated that the relationship between cancer incidence and health behaviors differed between large metropolitan areas and areas outside of large cities.

This paper reviews recent research findings on the population-attributable risk (PAR) of tobacco smoking in cancer incidence. It examines the components used in calculating PAR, specifically smoking prevalence and the relative risk of cancer associated with tobacco smoking.Current Concepts: The association between tobacco smoking and cancer risk is typically measured by the relative risk, which indicates how many times higher the cancer risk is in smokers compared to non-smokers. There is robust evidence that tobacco smoking is carcinogenic for cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, cervix, ovaries, kidneys, bladder, and myeloid leukemia. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that smoking increases the risk of these cancers by 2 to 10 times or more. The population attributable fraction of tobacco smoking for cancer quantifies the extent to which smoking contributes to cancer risk in a given population. Because PAR depends on smoking prevalence and relative risk, it is calculated and reported for each country and time point. According to a National Cancer Center report, in 2019 tobacco smoking accounted for 47% of esophageal cancers, 28% of stomach cancers, 27% of pancreatic cancers, 53% of lung cancers, and 43% of bladder cancers in Korean men.Discussion and Conclusion: The relative risk and population-attributable fraction serve as important indicators that inform policy development, prevention strategy formulation, resource allocation, health equity initiatives, public health awareness, and clinical practice.

This paper reviews recent research findings on the population-attributable risk (PAR) of tobacco smoking in cancer incidence. It examines the components used in calculating PAR, specifically smoking prevalence and the relative risk of cancer associated with tobacco smoking.Current Concepts: The association between tobacco smoking and cancer risk is typically measured by the relative risk, which indicates how many times higher the cancer risk is in smokers compared to non-smokers. There is robust evidence that tobacco smoking is carcinogenic for cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, cervix, ovaries, kidneys, bladder, and myeloid leukemia. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that smoking increases the risk of these cancers by 2 to 10 times or more. The population attributable fraction of tobacco smoking for cancer quantifies the extent to which smoking contributes to cancer risk in a given population. Because PAR depends on smoking prevalence and relative risk, it is calculated and reported for each country and time point. According to a National Cancer Center report, in 2019 tobacco smoking accounted for 47% of esophageal cancers, 28% of stomach cancers, 27% of pancreatic cancers, 53% of lung cancers, and 43% of bladder cancers in Korean men.Discussion and Conclusion: The relative risk and population-attributable fraction serve as important indicators that inform policy development, prevention strategy formulation, resource allocation, health equity initiatives, public health awareness, and clinical practice.

The aim of this ecological study was to examine the correlation between cancer incidence and health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity, and investigated whether there were differences in this correlation between metropolitan areas and other regions. Data on health behaviors exposure/prevalence and cancer incidence rates for 227 administrative districts (cities and counties) were obtained. The average exposure proportion measured annually from 2008 to 2011 in the Korea Community Health Survey data and the age-standardized cancer incidence data from 2014 to 2018, obtained through the cancer registry data, were downloaded from the Statistics Korea website. To examine the relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity exposure rate (prevalence), and cancer incidence, a correlation analysis was conducted, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated. The correlation coefficient between male smoking and male cancer incidence rate across 227 districts was 0.259.This significance was more pronounced in large metropolitan areas, where the correlation coefficient was 0.631 in the 73 districts belonging to these areas. In large metropolitan areas, the correlation coefficient between alcohol consumption rate and cancer incidence rate was 0.390. In the correlation analysis between obesity prevalence and cancer incidence rate, no correlation was found in large metropolitan areas, while in areas outside of large cities, the correlation coefficient was –0.295, indicating a significant negative correlation. This ecological study demonstrated that the relationship between cancer incidence and health behaviors differed between large metropolitan areas and areas outside of large cities.

The aim of this ecological study was to examine the correlation between cancer incidence and health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity, and investigated whether there were differences in this correlation between metropolitan areas and other regions. Data on health behaviors exposure/prevalence and cancer incidence rates for 227 administrative districts (cities and counties) were obtained. The average exposure proportion measured annually from 2008 to 2011 in the Korea Community Health Survey data and the age-standardized cancer incidence data from 2014 to 2018, obtained through the cancer registry data, were downloaded from the Statistics Korea website. To examine the relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity exposure rate (prevalence), and cancer incidence, a correlation analysis was conducted, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated. The correlation coefficient between male smoking and male cancer incidence rate across 227 districts was 0.259.This significance was more pronounced in large metropolitan areas, where the correlation coefficient was 0.631 in the 73 districts belonging to these areas. In large metropolitan areas, the correlation coefficient between alcohol consumption rate and cancer incidence rate was 0.390. In the correlation analysis between obesity prevalence and cancer incidence rate, no correlation was found in large metropolitan areas, while in areas outside of large cities, the correlation coefficient was –0.295, indicating a significant negative correlation. This ecological study demonstrated that the relationship between cancer incidence and health behaviors differed between large metropolitan areas and areas outside of large cities.

Gastric cancer has been consistently decreasing worldwide, whereas cardia gastric cancer is on the rise. This indicates that the exposure rates to epidemiological causes are changing.In this study, we aim to review the risk factors for gastric cancer with respect to cardia and non-cardia types. One of the most significant risk factors for gastric cancer is Helicobacter pylori infection. H. pylori infection is known as a risk factor for non-cardia gastric cancer, and there have been results indicating that H. pylori infection is not associated with cardia gastric cancer. However, in the East Asian region, there is epidemiological evidence suggesting that H. pylori infection might be a risk factor for cardia gastric cancer. Smoking and alcohol consumption are known risk factors for gastric cancer, regardless of anatomical location.Obesity is considered a factor in the development of cardia gastric cancer. However, further research is needed to understand the specific relationship with non-cardia gastric cancer.The consumption of high-salt and processed meat is more distinctly associated with noncardia gastric cancer than in cardia gastric cancer. In addition to these factors, exposure to chemicals and radiation are considered risk factors for gastric cancer. Primary prevention of gastric cancer involves eliminating or avoiding risk factors such as H. pylori eradication and adopting a healthy lifestyle, including quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and having a low-salt diet.