We fitted contact lenses in 216 eyes of 120 patients uniquely 0.50 D. steeper than the flattest meridian between January 1, 1971 and June 30, 1973. In this study all those patients, who had astigmatism less than 3.00 D. and were followed adequately, were included. In 87 per cent (188 eyes) patients were able to wear them without any problem and in 7 per cent(16 eyes) with some irritation or occasional burning over 10 hours. In 6 per cent(12 eyes) they could not wear their contact lenses long enough. We realize that there was rather high incidece of remanufacturing lenses in this series. I think this is due to AO Ophthalmometer which we used for keratometry in first several months and unskillfulness of the modification.
Astigmatism ; Burns ; Contact Lenses ; Humans

Diabetic retinopathy is said to be the 10% of cause of blindness added each year to the blindness registers in the world. The use of photocoagulaiton to treat proliferative diabetic retinopathy has gained widespread acceptance in ophthalmic practice since its introduction in 1959 by Meyer-Schwickerath, Neovascularization on the optic disk is a serious complication of diabetic retinopathy since it frequently leads to vitreous hemorrhage and blindness. The purpose of photocoagulation is thought to reduce the stimulus for the vessel formation so charicteristic of proliferative retinopathy. The technique of peripheral retinal ablation by photocoagulation involves production of many burns scattered over all but the central retina. Meyer-Schwickerath showed that regression could occur in newly formed vessels at retinal level even though treatment was remote from the lesion. This trial was initiated in May 1978 to attempt elimination of optic disk or retinal neovascularization in the diabetic retinopathy by peripheral retinal ablation or focal retinal ablation and to evaluate the effects of Argon laser photocoagulation on the course of the disease. In Kong's Eye Clinic I have treated the proliferative diabetic retinopathy by argon laser pan retinal photocoagulation(PRP) or focal retinal photocoagulation. I have found significant neovascular regressive changes in angiografic findings in four cases in which proliferative retinopathy was treated by Argon laser photocoagulation compared to the untreated angiografic findings. Follow-up study of treated patients will continue to allow long-term comparison between the pre and post photocoagulation treatment employed.
Argon* ; Blindness ; Burns ; Diabetic Retinopathy* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Light Coagulation* ; Optic Disk ; Retina ; Retinal Neovascularization ; Retinaldehyde ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

The most common malignant renal neoplasm is renal cell carcinoma. It is estimated that renal cell carcinoma accounts for 1% of all primary malignancies in Korea. Rell cell carcinoma presents diverse clinical courses with gross, histopathologic features. It has been known to be very difficult tumor to predict its clinical prognosis. In Korea, many studies have been reported concerning the clinical aspects of renal cell carcinoma. However, pathological studies of renal cell carcinoma are very few even though studies of nuclear grade have been attempted recently. We reviewed 93 cases of renal cell carcinoma examined in the period from 1978 to 1987 in the department of pathology, Yonsei university college of medicine, Yongdong Severance hospital, Wonju college of medicine and analyzed the histopathologic classification, including nuclear grade according to the Fuhrman's method. We abtained the following results by studying the relationship of the factors which had been known as correlated with the prognosis. 1) The ages of patients ranged from 9 to 74 years with a peak in the 6th decade. 2) The most common symptoms of the patients were hematuria, mass and pain, in that oder, and 7 patients complained to specific symptoms. The incidentally found cases characterized stage I, nuclear grade 2 small tumor size (not more than 4 cm) and clear cell type. 3) The renal cell carcinoma was more frequently located in the left kidney than the right by a ratio of 1.25 : 1. The incidence of intrarenal location was divided to the upper pole, 40% : mid portion, 29% : lower pole, 23% : diffuse involvement, 8%. The tumor shoing diffuse growth pattern had a large size, high nuclear grade and mixed cells. 4) The tumor size averaged 8 cm and there was no significant relationship between the size and stage. Seven cases of neoplasms not more than 3 cm were seen, of which 2 cases revealed an outcome of distant metastasis. 5) The histological pattern showed major solid, 53% : tubular, 11% : mixed, 18% : papillary, 9% and sarcomatoid type 9%. The sarcomatoid type was characterized by grade 4, a larger size(more than 10 cm), advanced stage. 6) There was no special relationship between the stage and grade but mostly grade 2 occupied the stage I. 7) The clear cell type was predominantly noted at grade 2 (65%), at the stage I (63%), granular or mixed cell type at grade 3 (87%), 4 (70%). According to these results, the tumors showing a sarcomatoid histologic pattern, diffuse growth pattern had unfavorable prognostic factors, and are thus estimated to have a poor prognosis. But the case which were incidentally found have favorable prognostic factors and probably a better prognosis. The tumor size alone can not exactly predict the metastasis and is not correlated with the stage. Small renal cell neoplasm (not more than 3 cm) generally has unfavorable prognostic factors and should be considered potentially malignant. The high grade frequently has granular cytoplasm. This represents the relationship between grade and cytoplasm, poor prognosis in the granular cell than the clear. The renal cell carcinoma shows variable prognosis and thus the prognosis should be estimated by all the factors. Nuclear grade can be used as one of the useful prognostic factors.
Incidence ; Neoplasm Metastasis

No abstract available.
Female ; Perinatal Mortality* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Multiple*

Saccades are rapid eye movements that shift the line of sight between successive points of fixation. The cerebellum calibrates saccadic amplitude (dorsal vermis and fastigial nucleus) and the saccadic pulse-step match (flocculus) for optimal visuo-ocular motor behavior. Based on electrophysiology and the pharmacological inactivation studies, early activity in one fastigial nucleus could be important for accelerating the eyes at the beginning of a saccade, and the later activity in the other fastigial nucleus could be critical for stopping the eye on target, which is controlled by inhibitory projection from the dorsal vermis. The cerebellum could monitor a corollary discharge of the saccadic command and terminate the eye movement when it is calculated to be on target. The fastigial nucleus and dorsal vermis also participate in the adaptive control of saccadic accuracy.
Cerebellum ; Electrophysiology ; Eye Movements ; Saccades* ; Sleep, REM

Cogan's syndrome is a rare chronic inflammatory disease Characterized by non-syphilitic keratitis and vestibuloauditory dysfunction. Although the precise pathogenesis of Cogan's syndrome is unknown, it is thought to develop from vasculitis involving multiple organ system. It can be accompanied with various systemic diseases including arthritis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and aortitis with insufficiency. We report a case of typical Cogan's syndrome with multiple cerebral infarctions.
Aortitis ; Arthritis ; Cerebral Infarction ; Cogan Syndrome ; Keratitis ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Splenomegaly ; Vasculitis

OBJECTIVES: Bilateral vestibulopathy is characterized with unsteadiness and oscillopsia when walking or standing, worsening in darkness and/or on uneven ground. To establish the effect of customized vestibular rehabilitation in bilateral vestibulopathy, we analyzed the questionnaires and functional status before and after treatment. METHODS: Among 53 patients with customized vestibular rehabilitation from January 1st to November 30th in 2018, 6 patients (3 males; median age, 71 years; range, 54–75 years) who regularly exercised with good compliance were retrospectively enrolled. They were educated and trained the customized vestibular rehabilitation once a month or two by a supervisor during 40 minutes, and then exercised at home for 30 minutes over 5 days in a week. Dizziness handicap inventory (DHI), Korean vestibular disorders activities of daily living scale (vADL), Beck's depression index (BDI), test for dynamic visual acuity (DVA), and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) were performed before and after the customized vestibular rehabilitation. RESULTS: The patients exercised for median 5.5 months (range, 2–10 months) with the customized methods of vestibular rehabilitation, which included gaze and posture stabilization and gait control exercises. DHI score and TUG was improved after rehabilitation (DHI before vs. after rehabilitation=33 vs. 16, p=0.027, TUG before vs. after rehabilitation=12 vs. 10, p=0.026). BDI, DVA, and vADL scores did not differ between before and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Customized vestibular rehabilitation can improve dizziness and balance state in bilateral vestibulopathy. The steady exercises adapted individual peculiarities is the most important for vestibular rehabilitation.
Activities of Daily Living ; Compliance ; Darkness ; Depression ; Dizziness ; Exercise ; Gait ; Humans ; Male ; Pilot Projects ; Posture ; Rehabilitation ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity ; Walking

No abstract available.
Fanconi Anemia*

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the course and prognosis of secondary glaucoma due to silicone encircling surgery for retinal detachment. The experiment was performed by observing the changes of elevated intraocular pressure and electroretinogram produced by silicone encircling in 20 rabbits. The rabbits were divided into 4 groups according to the elevattd level of intraocular pressure which was obtaintd by tightening of #240 silicone bands around the equator of the eyeball. The intraocular pressure was measured with a Schiotz tonometer and electroretinogram was recorded with a set of preamplifier, (freqwoncy reSponse 0.3-240 Hz, gain 80 decibel). Tektronix 5A18N dual trace amplifier, 5B12N dual time base, and 5103N oscilloscope. From the experiments, fo1lowing findings were obtained. 1. The effect on intraocular pressure. a) The elevated intraocular pressure returned to the preoperative level within 5-15 minutes in 35-45 mmHg group, 3-4 hours in 55-65 mmHg group, 4-6 hours in 75-85 mmHg group, and 7-8 hours in 95-105 mmHg group. b) In all the groaps, rapid fall of the intraocular pressure was observed within 10 minutes and relatively slow decrease was followed. From the second postoperative day, the intraocular pressure was maintained at a lower level than the preoperative intraocular pressure. 2. The effect on electroretinogram. a) In 35-45 mmHg group, supernormal wave was recorded during the 3 postoperative hours and then the wave returned to the preoperative amplitude. b) In 55-65 mmHg group, the electroretionogram reduced immediately after operation to 70% of the preoperative amplitude in 'a' wave and to 60% of the preoperative amplitude in 'b' wave' The reduced amplitude recovered to the preoperative level on the postoperative 1-2 days. c) In 75-85 mmHg group, both 'a' and 'b' wave were abolished immediately after the operation. The 'a' wave started to recover when the intraocular pressure decreased to 57.6-67.2 mmHg and 'b' wave started to recover when the intraocular pressure decreased to 49.9-57.6 mmHg. d) In 95-105 mmHg group, both 'a' and 'b' wave were abolished immediately after the oreration. The 'a' wave started to recover when the intraocular pressure decreased to 49.9-66.2 mmHg and 'b' wave started to recover when the intraocular pressure decreased to 37.2-40.2 mmHg. Consequently, it was found that the intraocular pressure over 75 mmHg caused irreversible damage to the function of retina, though the increased intraocular pressure due to silicone encircling returned to the preoperative level within 8 hours, and the visual cell layer of retina was more resistant to the increased intraocular pressure than the inner nuclear layer of retina.
Glaucoma ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Prognosis ; Rabbits ; Retina ; Retinal Detachment ; Silicones*

Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular coccidian protozoan, is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a widespread infection affecting various birds and mammals including humans. In immunocompetent hosts, the infection is usually asymptomatic and benign. Toxoplasmosis is either congenital or acquired. In general prenatal therapy of congenital toxoplasmosis is beneficial in reducing the ncy of infant infection. Therapies are based primarily on spiramycin because of the relative lack of toxicity and high concentration achieved in the placenta. Clindamycin is the standard drug for chemoprophylaxis in newborn infants, and is directed at preventing the occurrence of retinochoroiditis as a late sequel to congenital infection. The standard treatment for acquired toxoplasmosis in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients is the synergistic combination of pyrimethamine and sulphonamides. Toxoplasmic encephalitis is tbe most common manifestation of acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and if not treated is fatal. However, because of toxicity, the therapeutic efficacy of pyrimethamine sulphonamide combinations may be seriously limited in immunodeficient patients. We have experienced a case of toxoplasmosis during the workup of habitual aborter. So we report this case with a brief review of literatures.
Birds ; Chemoprevention ; Clindamycin ; Encephalitis ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mammals ; Placenta ; Pyrimethamine ; Spiramycin ; Toxoplasma ; Toxoplasmosis* ; Toxoplasmosis, Congenital