Today's orthodontic treatment goals lie in functional esthetics, and the importance of the latter is increasing gradually in trend. Considering such, study on growth and development of soft as well as hard tissues becomes inevitable. Early studies emphasize mainly plays a critical role in determining data. However, more recent studies report that maxillofacial soft tissue, which plays a critical role in determining facial eathetics, is influenced by underlying hard tissue, and yet close relationship between them was not noticed. Cephalometric x-rays were taken of 137 Korean boys and 106 girls with no systemic disease, fair developmental status and normal occlusion for two consecutive years; afterwards, soft tissue analysiss, which was divided into four parts, facial form, lip position & posture, nose, and thickness, was done to correlate tham with general growth.
Child* ; Esthetics ; Female ; Growth and Development* ; Humans ; Lip ; Nose ; Posture ; Tromethamine

Patients who want to reduce their lip protrusion usually estimate the severity of the lip protrusion on the frontal aspect. Most orthodontists have a perplexed experience of a reduced thin line of vermilion border on the frontal aspect as incisors are retreated, even though the lip protrusion is thought to be reduced favorably on the sagittal aspect. Some patients, also look older after orthodontic treatment because of severe lip thinning. This unaesthetic reduction of vermilion border urges us to study the vertical lip change during orthodontic procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vertical lip and perioral soft tissue changes in respect to incisor retraction in an effort to analyze which factors might be responsible for their vertical changes, using the multiple regression analysis. The results were as follows. 1. Upper and lower lip philtrum length(SnLs, LiB') were increased after retraction of anterior teeth, were as upper and lower vermilion height(LsStms, StmiLi), and vermilion length(LsLi) were decreased. 2. Upper and lower lip length(SnStms, StmiB'), and soft tissue lower anterior facial height(SnMe') did not show any significant difference after treatment. 3. The increase of the upper lip philtrum length was mainly influenced by the extrusion of upper anterior teeth(U1V), and the increase of the lower lip philtrum length was mainly influenced by the initial overjet before treatment. 4. The decrease of the upper and lower lip vermilion height was mainly influenced by the decrease of upper lip thickness.
Humans ; Incisor* ; Lip* ; Tooth

Various types of horizontal reference planes are used for diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluation of treatment results. But these reference planes lack accuracy and repro- ducibility, and are mainly for Caucasian. Unlike the adult patients who have completed growth, the horizontal reference planes for growing children may change continuously during growth, Therefore this must be considered in selecting the horizontal reference plane. The purpose of this study was to investigate the angle formed by the Sella-Nasion(SN) plane and Frankfort-Horizontal(FH) plane and evaluate the angle formed by FH plane and other horizontal reference planes in relation to different skeletal maturity and malocclusion types. 540 subjects with no orthodontic treatment history were chosen, and hand wrist X-rays and lateral cephalometric X-rays were taken, According to SMA(Skeletal maturity Assessment)of hand -wrist X-rays, the subjects were classified into 3 skeletal maturity groups ; SMI 1-2 for group A, SMI 5-7 for group B and SMI 8-11 for group C. A second classification was made according to cephalometric analysis of lateral cephalograms. The subjects were classified into 3 malocclusion group ; Skeletal Class I,II and III malocclusion group. 10 measurements were evaluated. The results were as follow. 1. The angle formed by the SN plane and FH plane showed no difference among skeletal maturity groups, malocclusion groups, and between sexes. 2. The angles formed by the SN plane and FH plane were 8.27degrees+/-2.31degrees for males and 8.59degrees+/-2.24degrees for females. The average value for females and males was 8.42degrees+/-2.28degrees. 3. The angle formed by the FH plane and palatal plane was almost constant showing no difference among skeletal maturity groups, malocclusion groups, and between sexes( 1.0 9degrees+/- 3.21degrees).
Adult ; Child* ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Growth and Development ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; Wrist

Determination of force system and prediction of side effects from unbent straight wire engaged in edgewise bracket is clinically very difficult because it is statically indeterminate system. This study is to develop a linear beam theory that explains the force system for straight wire engaged in edgewise bracket regardless of geometry(a/b), material, cross section of wire, and interbracket distance. 1. Formula for force system of bilateral fixed end beam was derived. 2. It is possible to calculate force system of each tooth engaged in continuous straight wire. 3. The possibility and location of permanent deformation can be predicted.
Tooth

Among many maturation indicators of growing patients, menarche and skeletal maturity are useful to assess growth and development, and the changes of the first and third finger are relatively important in hand-wrist X-rays. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between menarche and the changes of the phalanx of the first and third finger and compare skeletal maturation among different malocclusion types. The sample used in this study was 29 Class I, 27 Class II and 27 Class III females whose hand-wrist X-rays had been taken with 6 month interval before the appearance of ulnar sesamoid ossification till the phalanges of the fingers were almost fused. The results were as follows. 1. There was no skeletal maturity difference among malocclusion types. 2. There was no difference in the mean chronologic age of menarche among different malocclusion types and that was 12.30+/-0.98 years. 3. The ulnar sesamoid was observed at 10.35+/-1.01 years, and on distal phalanx of the first finger, epiphyseal capping appeared at 11.26+/-1.04 years and fusion at 13.12+/-1.06 years. The epiphyseal capping on middle phalanx of the third finger was observed at 11.57+/-1.02 years and fusion at 13.72+/-1.04 years. 4. The timing of menarche occurred around the same time as the fusion process of distal phalanx of the first finger(p<0.001, r=0.82) and the initiation of fusion of middle phalanx of the third finger(p<0.001, r=0.78). Therefore, we can give the aid when we evaluate the growth and development of growing females seeing the changes at phalanx of the first and finger.
Female ; Fingers* ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Malocclusion ; Menarche*

This study was performed to evaluate horizontal and vertical characteristics according to lateral cephalometry of adult Korean skeletal Class II patients using a selected horizontal and vertical reference planes of Koreans. 60 males and 60 females consisting of freshman of Yonsei University from 1996 to 1997 and patients with history of orthognatic surgery at the Dental Hospital of Yonsei University with a skeletal Class II profile were chosen and compared with 70 males and 70 females with normal occlusion. The skeletal Class II group had the following conditions: 1. Profile composed of a retrognathic mandible or protrusive maxilla; 2. Class II molar and canine key; 3. ANB-greater than 4o; 4. Wits appraisal-greater than 1.0 mm; Cephalometric analysis consisted of 22 skeletal, 25 soft tissue, 12 dental measurements. The results were as follows. 1. There was no considerable vertical measurement difference between the skeletal Class II malocclusion group and the normal occlusion group in skeletal analysis. But, some variations were found between the two groups in soft tissue analysis. 2. Mandibular length of the skeletal Class II malocclusion group was smaller than that of the normal occlusion group. Mandible was more posteriorly positioned in the Class II malocclusion group than in the normal occlusion group. 3. The length and antero-posterior position of the maxilla were not different between the Class II malocclusion and the normal occlusion group. 4. The antero-posterior position of the nose, upper lip and maxillary soft tissue, and nasolabial angle were not different between the two groups. 5. Mandibular soft tissue of the Class II malocclusion group was more posteriorly positioned than that of the normal. 6. The vertical measurements of the incisors(U1-HP, L1-MP) were bigger in the Class II malocclusion group than in the normal, but those of the molars(U6-HP, L6-MP) showed no significant difference between the two groups. 7. Classifying the skeletal Class II malocclusion group according to the antero-posterior position of both jaws, normally positioned maxilla and retruded mandible was 43.3%, both normally positioned maxilla and mandible 28.3%, both retruded maxilla and mandible 20.0%..
Adult* ; Cephalometry ; Female ; Humans ; Jaw ; Lip ; Male ; Malocclusion* ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Nose

Tooth impact on may lead to malocclusion, root resorption, cyst or aberrant changes in adjacent teeth Clinical and radiographic examinations are used to locate the impaction, and appropriate treatment plans must be made to relocate the impacted tooth. When surgically exposing the impacted tooth, periodontal considerations to conserve maximum amount of soft and hard tissue are used Oral hygiene instructions are emphasized to maintain sound periodontal health. Securing enough space for .the impacted tooth and proper anchorage is important. Proper use of force and mechanics is crucial to prevent such complications as root resorption. Various patterns of orthodontic traction may be employed as situation permits. Most impaction cases can be managed with orthodontic traction to restore function and esthetics, provided that early detection and proper diagnosis and treatment planning are made.
Diagnosis ; Esthetics ; Malocclusion ; Mechanics ; Oral Hygiene ; Root Resorption ; Tooth ; Tooth, Impacted* ; Traction*

Positions, angulation and mesiodistal dimension of lower incisors are important in esthetics, occlusion and post-treatment stability of lower arch. When lower incisor is congenitally missing, problems such as increased overjet and overbite, closing in of adjacent teeth and size/space discrepancies may occur. When creating treatment plans, incisor position and angulation, lip support, anteroposterior skeletal relationship canine-molar relationship, overjet, overbite, remaining growth potential, crowding and anterior tooth ratio have to be considered. For an accurate analysis of incisal size discrepancy, diagnostic model set-up may be helpful. The two patients in this presentation both had two lower incisor missing, but the degree of crowding, skeletal relationship, lip support, molar relationship are different, and therefore treatment plan was different as well. Long term follow-up may be necessary for stability and retention.
Crowding ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Incisor* ; Lip ; Malocclusion* ; Molar ; Overbite ; Tooth

As computer programs for cephalometric analysis were developed in diagnosis & treatment planning, digital imaging of film-based cephalograms came to be needed. When a digital camera is used, a problem encountered is the image distortion produced according to the focal length, which causes errors in indentifying landmarks. In addition, changes in the image size and compression ratio will inevitably produce a low quality image, causing errors in identifying landmarks. Hence, we have found the focal length producing the least image distortion when digital imaging the film-based cephalograms and the minimal digital camera setting which helps to identify the correct landmarks using the COOLPIX4500 digital camera (Nikon, Japan). The results were as follows: The image distortion was minimized at a focal length of 16.4mm (79.4mm when converted into a 35mm film camera) when digital imaging the film-based cephalograms. When wide imaging, with a focal length of under 16.4mm, barrel distortion was found and when tele imaging, with a focal length of over 16.4mm, pincushion distortion was found. The minimal digital camera setting was 2272 X 1704 pixel at normal (1/8) compression from which we can identify the correct landmarks at the same level as tracing the film-based cephalograms manually. As a result, when digital imaging the film-based cephalograms, using a COOLPIX4500 digital camera (Nikon, Japan), the focal length should be 16.4mm, the pixel image size over 2272 X 1704, and the compression ratio over normal (1/8).
Diagnosis

The shape of orthodontic retraction spring was varied and force system of each case was obtained using numerical analysis and verified with spring tester. The factors for obtaining biomechanically efficient spring under anatomic limitation were suggested as follows. 1. M/F ratio increases and L/D rate decreases as loop height increases. 2. M/F ratio increases and L/D rate decreases as incorporating more wire above bending moment area. 3. M/F ratio decreases and L/D rate decrease as incorporating more wire above bending moment area. 4. M/F ratio can not be greater than spring height no matter how much wire is incorporated at the apex of the loop. 5. Additional moment is necessary to obtain enough M/F ratio for translation under anatomical limitation. 6. Additional moment should be incorporated at every part of the spring because M/F ratio and L/D rate decreases as horizontal spring length increases. 7. Material, cross section, and shape of the spring influence L/D rate, whereas M/F ratio is influenced by the shape of the spring independent from material and cross section.