No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; Karyotyping* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third*

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: There have been conflicting reports on vascular response to Panax ginseng. The conflicting reports may be due to difference of ingredient of Panax ginseng. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of saponin, the main ingredient of Panax ginseng, on the vascular contractility. METHODS: The rabbit aortic rings were cut and mounted on the force transducer to record an isometric tension on polygraph. To elucidate the mechanism of saponin effect on vascular smooth muscle, the contractility of the vascular smooth muscle were measured under varying experimental condition. RESULTS: 1) When the aortic rings were precontracted with norepinephrine, saponin caused biphasic(initial relaxation-sustained contraction) dose-response in the endothelium dependent manner. But saponin had no effect on the resting tension. 2) When EDRF inhibitors such as methylene blue(10(-5)M), hemoglobin(10(-5)M), N-omega-nitro-L-arginine(100microM) were added to precontracted ring with norepinephrine, the initial relaxation caused by 2mg% saponin was inhibited. 3) When Ca(2+)-channel blocker, nifedipine(5x10(-7)M), was added to precontracted rings with norepinephrine, the sustsined contraction by saponin was inhibited. 4) When hemoglobin(10(-5)M) was added to precontracted rings with norepinephrine, the contractility by norepinephrine was increased and this effect was further augmented by 2mg% saponin. CONCLUSIONS: From the above results, it may be concluded that saponin stimulated the release of both an endothelium-dependent relaxing factor and endothelium-dependent contracting factor.
Endothelium ; Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; Norepinephrine ; Panax ; Relaxation ; Saponins* ; Transducers

The effects of vanadate on cellular Ca2+ movements across the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells were investigated by measuring the intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ activities of guinea pig papillary muscle with Ca2+-selective electrodes. During the rest period following a steady-state of 2 contractions per second the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was increased over the basal level within a minute. During the rest period Ca2+ was transported across the sarcolemma into the extracellular space. Vanadate decreased the change in extracellular Ca2+ concentration during the rest period implying that the Ca2+ efflux across the sarcolemma was decreased by vanadate. Vanadate increased intracellular Ca2+ activities significantly (from 1.9 X 10(-7) M to 10(-6)M) resulting in an increase in resting tension. These results suggest that vanadate decreases Ca2+ efflux from the cells into the extracellular space by blocking Ca2+ transport across the sarcolemma, possibly blocking the Na+-Ca2+ exchange transport.
Animal ; Calcium/metabolism* ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Ion Channels/drug effects* ; Male ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Papillary Muscles/drug effects* ; Vanadates ; Vanadium/pharmacology*