Fatigue is the subjective sense which people experience and use commonly in their lives. Although factors regards with fatigue have been explored in specific population, minimal study has been devoted to exploring associated variables generally healthy women. This descriptive study examined the relationship of demographic factors and depressions to subjective fatigue among women in the community who have no critical health problems. From June 15 to July 15, 1996, a convenience sample of 255 adult women completed the questionnaire which was developed by the author on the basis of Yoshitake's(1978) and Zung(1965), respectively. Pearson's correlation, t-test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the data with SPSS/PC+ 5.0 for Windows. The results were as follows ; 1) Average fatigue score of the subjects was 12.57(+/-7.15)(range 0~30). Fatigue scores by area were neuroperceptive fatigue(4.81+/-2.90), physical fatigue(3.99+/-2.46) and mental fatigue(3.71+/-2.91) in order. Subjects with the fatigue scores more than 20 were forty four, 17.2 percent of total subjects. 2) Average depression score was 46.1(+/-6.96)(range 16~64), which was not so high. 3) Statistically significant relationship was noted between fatigue and depression scores(r=-.6747, p<.001) that means the more depressive, the more be fatigued. Correlations with respective fatigue area and depression were mental fatigue(r=-.6833, p<.001), neuroperceptive fatigue(r=-.5293, p<.001) and physical fatigue(r=-.5189, p<.001) in order. 4) Presence of disease revealed as the statistically significant variable affecting fatigue scores(t=-4.31, p<.001). Other variables such as age, marriage and job, however, had no statistically significant effect on the fatigue scores. Fatigue can meaningfully undermine quality of life in women who are accustomed to leading active lives. Fatigue is disabling, and a serious symptom to those who suffer from it. It is important for health providers as well as the women to recognize that there exits the relationship between fatigue and depression. Further investigation is necessary to facilitate adequate resolution of the clients' problem from fatigue leading to diminishment of the significance.
Adult ; Demography ; Depression ; Fatigue* ; Female ; Humans ; Marriage ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress distribution of the abutment and supporting tissues according tot he slopes and types of the guiding plane of distal extension removable partial dentures. The 3-dimensional finite element method was used and the finite element models were prepared as follows. Model I : Kratochvil type guiding plane with 90degree to residual ridge Model II : Kratochvil type guiding plane with 95degree to residual ridge Model III : Kratochvil type guiding plane with 100degree to residual ridge Model IV : Krol type guiding plane with 90degree to residual ridge Distal extension partial denture which right mandibular first and second molar were lost was used and the second premolar was prepared as primary abutment with RPI type retainer. Then 150N of compressive force was applied to central fossae of the first and second molars and von Mises stress and displacement were measured. The results were as follows : 1. Model I and Model IV showed a similar stress distribution pattern and the stress was concentrated on the apex of the root of the abutment. 2. The stress was increased and concentrated on mesial side of the root of the abutment in Model II. The stress was concentrated on buccal and mesiobuccal side of the root of the abutment in Model III. 3. In Model I, the root of the abutment displaced and twisted a little in clockwise. In Model IV, the root of the abutment displaced to distolingually at apical region of the root and mesiobucally at cervical region of the root. 4. In Model II, the root of the abutment displaced to mesiolingually at apical region of the root and more displaced and twisted in counterclockwise at cervical region of the root. In Model III, the root of the abutment displaced to mesiobucally at apical region of the root and more displaced and twisted in clockwise at cervical region of the root.
Bicuspid ; Denture, Partial ; Denture, Partial, Removable* ; Molar

Buschke-Lowenstein tumor is a rare disease in the category of designated as verrucous carcinoma characterized by its invasive downward penetration of underlying tissues in the perineum and perianal regions. Viruses, unclean sanitation and cytotoxic immune reaction have been proposed as the etiology of the tumor. However, among all the causes, recent studies have emphasized on the associaton of the tumor and human papilloma virus (HPV). Expecially, HPV also has been discovered in several cutaneous and anogenital lesions of solid organ transplant recipients. We herein report a case of Buschke-Lowenstein tumor in a renal transplant recipient with HPV 6 and 16 coinfection proved by HPV genotyping of DNA extracted from the biopsy specimen of the tumor.
Biopsy ; Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor* ; Carcinoma, Verrucous ; Coinfection ; DNA ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; Humans ; Papilloma ; Perineum ; Rare Diseases ; Sanitation ; Transplantation* ; Transplants

The formation, maintenance, and regeneration of bone is a complex precess involving the interactions of many cellular elements with systemic and local regulators. TGF-β is one of growth factors that play an important role in the formation and remodeling of bone. In vitro studies have suggested that TGF-β regulates chondrogenesis and possibly osteogenesis by affecting replication, gene expression, and structural protein synthesis in bone formation. We investigated the effect of TGF-β1 upon fracture callus formation and maturation in mature rate. Closed femoral shaft fracture was made consistently by three point stress technique after percutaneous intramedullary nailing. TGF-β1 was injected subperiosteally at the fracture site daily for 2 weeks. We examined the effect of TGF-β1 on the fracture healing process with the radiographic, densitometric, histologic, and immunohistochemical methods. The following results were obtained. 1. Radiographic examination demonstrated that TGF-β1 injection group appeared to have more abundant callus formation and earlier callus maturation as compared to the control group. 2. Bone densitometric examination revealed that TGF-β1 injection group had higher bone mineral density and content that the control group. 3. Thermographic examination revealed that TGF-β1 injection group had higher local temperature at the injection area than the control group. 4. Histologic examination suggested that TGF-β1 stimulates and accelerates fracture callus formation and endochondral bone formation. 5. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that chondrocytes at the fracture site in the TGF-β1 injection group seemed to produce type I collagen.
Bone Density ; Bony Callus ; Chondrocytes ; Chondrogenesis ; Collagen Type I ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Fracture Healing ; Gene Expression ; In Vitro Techniques ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Osteogenesis ; Regeneration

A clinical observation was made on the injuries of genitourinary tract of the in-patient in the Department of Urology, Medical School of Chosun University during the period from January, 1972 to December, 1976. The results are as followings. 1) Of 429 cases hospitalized, 59 cases were injury of genito-urinary tract, giving a ratio of 13. 8%. 2) The most favorable age was in from 21 to 50 years for 69.4%. 3) The sex ratio, male to female, was about 5.5 : 1. 4) The most frequent cause of injury was traffic accident (39. 0%) and the next was straddle injury kick and blow etc. 5) The urethra was involved most frequently in 45.8%, the kidney in 25.4%, the bladder in 15. 3%, the external genitalia in 8.4% and the ureter in 5.1%. 6) Nephrectomy was performed in 4 cases of 15 renal injuries. 7) Four of 7 bladder injuries and 13 of 27 urethral injuries were accompanied with pelvic bone fracture.
Accidents, Traffic ; Female ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Kidney ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Pelvic Bones ; Schools, Medical ; Sex Ratio ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urology

A depth of the Tuohy needle in thoracic epidural anesthesia was measured in 101 patients undergoing thoracotomy. The patients were divided into two groups, which were received epidural anesthesia in T5-6 and T6-7 levels. The patient's age, sex, height and most recent antenatal or preoperative weight were obtained before measuring the needle depth. The PI (ponderal index) was calculated by dividing weight (Kg) by height (m). In patients of T5-6 group, the mean depth was found to be 6.14 cm which had no correlation with any other measurements. In patients of T6-7 group, the mean depth was found to be 6.16 cm which had no correlation with any other measurements.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Humans ; Needles* ; Thoracotomy

A depth of the Tuohy needle in thoracic epidural anesthesia was measured in 101 patients undergoing thoracotomy. The patients were divided into two groups, which were received epidural anesthesia in T5-6 and T6-7 levels. The patient's age, sex, height and most recent antenatal or preoperative weight were obtained before measuring the needle depth. The PI (ponderal index) was calculated by dividing weight (Kg) by height (m). In patients of T5-6 group, the mean depth was found to be 6.14 cm which had no correlation with any other measurements. In patients of T6-7 group, the mean depth was found to be 6.16 cm which had no correlation with any other measurements.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Humans ; Needles* ; Thoracotomy

In order to nursing practice of the patient in Oriental medicine, it is suggested that the fundamental recognition of Oriental medicine should be preceded. It is, however, difficult that we comprehend Oriental medicine generally since it is different from Western medicine in the point of th symptom. We have thought that is to be carried out to select and analyze a disease by the sense of Oriental medicine for the establishment of Oriental medical nursing. So we have tried out the analysis of Tae-Yang. In view of the results so far achieved, it has been suggested that Tae-Yang Symptom applies to the first step of Sanghan Yug Kyung Symptom and consists of Palsy, Sanghan, Onbyung, Dropsy, and Congestion. In the Oriental medicine, Tae-yang Symptom is recognized to be concerned with a common cold and the respiratory, renal and hepatic diseases. In the points of Orintal medicine, it is noticed that Tae-Yang Symptom is caused by the wind and cold evil, is related to human resisting force, and is fused with each other. And the treatment of Tae-Yang Symptom is various by the cause and the pathological mechanism. In the points of Western medicine, it is difficult to comprehend that various disease germs revolving each disease are implied by identical symptom. The summary of this study are as follows ; 1. In the outer-caused diseases, so called Tae-Yang Symptom, it is an important index to the patient's resisting force and the type of a disease whether he sweats, chills and the pulse is tense or not. 2. the treatments are various according the body's resisting force and the type of symptoms ; harmonizing Yung & Wee to Weakness of surface, soporifics flourishing of evils, and antifebriles to On-byung. 3. If Tae-Yang Symptom is not cured, it progresses to develop complications ; Dropsy & congestion, the former brings about renal diseases and the latter hepatic diseases. According to the results mentioned above, we have come to the conclusion that the Oriental - medical nursing must emphasis the body's sesiting force and the type of symptoms rather than the name of a disease.
Chills ; Common Cold ; Edema ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Nursing* ; Paralysis ; Sweat ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation ; Wind

No abstract available.
Discriminant Analysis* ; Gait* ; Lower Extremity* ; Range of Motion, Articular*

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fluoride releasing orthodontic sealants, light-cured(Group L1 & L2) and self-cured (Group S1 & S2) FluoroBond(R) , on enamel microhardness under artificial carious solution in vitro 112 extracted human premolar teeth were collected for experiments and divided into seven groups. A Tukon microhardness tester equipped with a Knoop diamond indenter was employed to determine microhardness. Tukon 23 program converted the number of microhardness into KHN(Knoop hardness number). The results were as follows : 1. The microhardness of enamel depth of all groups were the least at the depth of 50micrometer and that of all groups except L2 group, the greatest at the depth of 200micrometer, were the greatest at the depth of 300micrometer. And as the enamel depth of all groups except L2 and S2 group increased, the microhardness value also increased. 2. There was a little preventive effect in enamel decalcification both light-and self-cured orthodontic sealant groups, but had no statistical significance between the groups(p>0.05). 3. Light-cured ortodontic sealant groups had a progressive inhibiting effect in enamel decalcification at the depth of 100micrometer, 150micrometer, and 200micrometer(p<0.05). 4. Self-cured ortodontic sealant groups had a progressive inhibiting effect in enamel decalcification at the depth of 150micrometer(p<0.05). 5. There was no difference of the anti-enamel demineralization effect between light-and self-cured orthodontic sealant groups(p>0.05).
Bicuspid ; Dental Enamel* ; Diamond ; Fluorides* ; Hardness ; Humans ; Tooth