No abstract available.
Hepatitis B, Chronic* ; Hepatitis, Chronic*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Electric Stimulation* ; Epilepsy* ; Evoked Potentials*

The recent development of microsurgical tissue transfer has enabled any defect in any area to be reconstructed with free flaps. However, the need for a more functional and thinner flap has been raised due to bullkiness of the flap and donorsite morbidity. For better functional and aesthetic results, various perforator flaps excluding muscles or adjacent subcutaneous tissue have been recently reported. We report 44 cases of perforating artery pedicled flaps from April 1995 to August 1998, including 21 cases of anterolateral thigh flap, 12 cases of gluteal artery perforator flap, 4 cases of posterior interosseous flap, and 7 cases of paraumbilical perforator flap for various soft tissue defects. Even though marginal necrosis of flap occurred in 9 cases, complete healing without significant problem was possible. The advantages of perforator flaps are as follows: 1. It is possible to obtain a relatively thin fasciocutaneous flap, but still with sufficient volume 2. Donor site morbidity was reduced without damage of main artery. 3. In spite of diverse vascular pattern of the perforator, the location of perforating arteries can be Detected with relative ease and mapped preoperatively with an ultrasound Doppler. The need of meticulous and tedious dissection could be a sole disadvantage of these flaps. This report describes the clinical experience with a perforator-based flap, anticpating applications of many other types of perforator flap in the future.
Arteries* ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Humans ; Muscles ; Necrosis ; Perforator Flap ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Surgical Flaps* ; Thigh ; Tissue Donors ; Ultrasonography

The orbitozygomatic area occupies a key anatomic position in midface, is prone to injury, and plays a prominent role in facial aesthetics. So the facial appearance including orbital shape can be altered by complications of orbitozygomatic fractures. Most possible initial complications include blindness, hyphema, retinal detatchment, and paralysis or entrapment of extraocular muscles. Long term sequelaes include infraorbital nerve dysfunction, loss of malar projection, enophthalmos, and dystopia. Accurate anatomic reduction and rigid fixation is essential for management of orbitozygomatic fractures to minimize those late sequelaes. Conventional fixation devices to fix displaced fracture of facial bone are interosseous wire and miniplate. But interosseous wirings are unstable for primary bone healing and time consuming. Miniplates have great deal in rigid fixation but their high profile and palpability are the main complaints in many patients, especially in orbital rim area. In this article, we reviewed the 30 cases of zygomamaxilla complex fractures with orbital rim fracture fixed with microplates, and discussed the stability of microplate and superiorities in final aesthetics result. The use of microplates in these area permits enough stability of fracture segment with ease of procedures and superiorities in final results without any palpability.
Blindness ; Enophthalmos ; Esthetics ; Facial Bones ; Humans ; Hyphema ; Muscles ; Orbit* ; Paralysis ; Retinaldehyde

No abstract available.
Humans ; Pulmonary Atresia* ; Siblings* ; Ventricular Septum*

Zygomatic arch fracture is one of the most commonly seen facial bone fractures and there have been many methods of reduction designed so far. However, for a simple fracture, the Gillies temporal approach is most commonly used because of the easy reducibility, and also because the depressed fracture can be approached without a facial incision. The Gillies temporal approach starts in the temporal area, between the temporalis muscle and deep temporal fascia. We have developed a new route which starts in the postauricular hair margin area and then reaches to the periosteum of the temporal bone. An elevator is then inserted to penetrate the periosteum and subperiosteal dissection is performed toward the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. At the origin of the zygomatic process, the route of dissection changes to the posterior aspect of the zygomatic arch using a curved palate elevator or the authors' modified Langenbeck elevator. This method of approach has been used in 6 cases of zygomatic arch fracture with good results and we report this method along with written reports.
Elevators and Escalators ; Facial Bones ; Fascia ; Hair ; Palate ; Periosteum ; Temporal Bone ; Zygoma*

Chronic hepatitis B infection is the most common cause of chronic liver diseases in Korea and can induce chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. If patients have significant viral replication and persistent abnormal liver function and/or significant liver pathology, antiviral agents can be administered to prevent progression of the disease. Each antiviral agent shows different antiviral efficacy, resistance rate, and adverse events. Interferon alpha and pegylated interferon alpha have the advantage of relative short duration of treatment, however show high incidence of adverse events. Lamivudine has significant long-term data indicating the prevention of disease progression, but shows high resistance rate. Clevudine, entecavir, telbivudine, and tenofovir show high antiviral efficacy, however clevudine shows only short-term data, entecavir shows carcinogenesis in mouse, telbivudine shows relatively high resistance rate. In addition, clevudine and telbivudine show myopathy, and adefovir and tenofovir show renal toxicity as adverse events. AASLD and EASL guideline advise pegylated interferon alpha, entecavir, and tenofovir as first line treatment, which show high antiviral efficacy and low resistance rate. KASL and APASL guideline permits the use of all antiviral agents because of their respective advantage and problems as mentioned above. If resistance occurs during first line therapy, add-on therapy should be performed to prevent resistance of to second line antiviral agents. Ideal antiviral agents have to show high antiviral efficacy, low resistance rate, no significant adverse events and their effect on prevention of disease progression must be supported with a long-term data.
Adenine ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; Arabinofuranosyluracil ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Disease Progression ; Guanine ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; Incidence ; Interferon-alpha ; Korea ; Lamivudine ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Diseases ; Mice ; Muscular Diseases ; Nitro Compounds ; Organophosphonates ; Tenofovir ; Thymidine