No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Hepatitis B, Chronic* ; Hepatitis, Chronic*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

The recent development of microsurgical tissue transfer has enabled any defect in any area to be reconstructed with free flaps. However, the need for a more functional and thinner flap has been raised due to bullkiness of the flap and donorsite morbidity. For better functional and aesthetic results, various perforator flaps excluding muscles or adjacent subcutaneous tissue have been recently reported. We report 44 cases of perforating artery pedicled flaps from April 1995 to August 1998, including 21 cases of anterolateral thigh flap, 12 cases of gluteal artery perforator flap, 4 cases of posterior interosseous flap, and 7 cases of paraumbilical perforator flap for various soft tissue defects. Even though marginal necrosis of flap occurred in 9 cases, complete healing without significant problem was possible. The advantages of perforator flaps are as follows: 1. It is possible to obtain a relatively thin fasciocutaneous flap, but still with sufficient volume 2. Donor site morbidity was reduced without damage of main artery. 3. In spite of diverse vascular pattern of the perforator, the location of perforating arteries can be Detected with relative ease and mapped preoperatively with an ultrasound Doppler. The need of meticulous and tedious dissection could be a sole disadvantage of these flaps. This report describes the clinical experience with a perforator-based flap, anticpating applications of many other types of perforator flap in the future.
Arteries* ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Humans ; Muscles ; Necrosis ; Perforator Flap ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Surgical Flaps* ; Thigh ; Tissue Donors ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Electric Stimulation* ; Epilepsy* ; Evoked Potentials*

No abstract available.
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy ; Humans

In acute injury, liver recovers completely without any scarring change or complication. However, large portion of liver is changed into fibrotic state by excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) under chronic injury. Excessive production of ECM results in hepatic fibrosis and repeated process of hepatic fibrosis progress into liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is an irreversible and terminal state of chronic liver disease and one of the major causes of death in Korea. To block the progression to liver cirrhosis, various studies in the field of virology and immunology have been proceeded. Recently, studies on the hepatic fibrogenesis have progressed with the development of molecular biology. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis by producing ECM. The degree of hepatic fibrosis depends on the proliferation and activation of HSC and increased net production of collagen. Therefore, inhibition of HSC activation is one of the main ways to block the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Many kinds of factors such as oxidative stress, acetaldehyde, ascorbic acid, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) have been reported to activate HSC and stimulate collagen gene expression. Although there are no definite and effective antifibrogenic agents, possible candidates are antioxidants, interferon, retinoids such as beta-carotene, flavonoids, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists. We tried to evaluate the charateristics of HSC in order to develop agents that inhibit hepatic fibrogenesis.
Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Liver/blood supply/metabolism/*pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis/etiology/genetics/*metabolism

Zygomatic arch fracture is one of the most commonly seen facial bone fractures and there have been many methods of reduction designed so far. However, for a simple fracture, the Gillies temporal approach is most commonly used because of the easy reducibility, and also because the depressed fracture can be approached without a facial incision. The Gillies temporal approach starts in the temporal area, between the temporalis muscle and deep temporal fascia. We have developed a new route which starts in the postauricular hair margin area and then reaches to the periosteum of the temporal bone. An elevator is then inserted to penetrate the periosteum and subperiosteal dissection is performed toward the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. At the origin of the zygomatic process, the route of dissection changes to the posterior aspect of the zygomatic arch using a curved palate elevator or the authors' modified Langenbeck elevator. This method of approach has been used in 6 cases of zygomatic arch fracture with good results and we report this method along with written reports.
Elevators and Escalators ; Facial Bones ; Fascia ; Hair ; Palate ; Periosteum ; Temporal Bone ; Zygoma*

The orbitozygomatic area occupies a key anatomic position in midface, is prone to injury, and plays a prominent role in facial aesthetics. So the facial appearance including orbital shape can be altered by complications of orbitozygomatic fractures. Most possible initial complications include blindness, hyphema, retinal detatchment, and paralysis or entrapment of extraocular muscles. Long term sequelaes include infraorbital nerve dysfunction, loss of malar projection, enophthalmos, and dystopia. Accurate anatomic reduction and rigid fixation is essential for management of orbitozygomatic fractures to minimize those late sequelaes. Conventional fixation devices to fix displaced fracture of facial bone are interosseous wire and miniplate. But interosseous wirings are unstable for primary bone healing and time consuming. Miniplates have great deal in rigid fixation but their high profile and palpability are the main complaints in many patients, especially in orbital rim area. In this article, we reviewed the 30 cases of zygomamaxilla complex fractures with orbital rim fracture fixed with microplates, and discussed the stability of microplate and superiorities in final aesthetics result. The use of microplates in these area permits enough stability of fracture segment with ease of procedures and superiorities in final results without any palpability.
Blindness ; Enophthalmos ; Esthetics ; Facial Bones ; Humans ; Hyphema ; Muscles ; Orbit* ; Paralysis ; Retinaldehyde