In 1951, in the midst of the Korean War, artist Lee Quede produced anatomical drawings to teach artistic anatomy to his student Lee Ju-yeong while interned in the Geoje prison camp. Comprising 2 books and spanning over 48 pages, 74 drawings were produced alongside explanations in a textbook format. The table of contents was ordered starting from body proportions, then the skeleton, the muscles, and the head. By part, there were 4 drawings of the trunk, 51 of the head, 7 of the arms, 9 of the legs, and 3 of the full body. Though the drawings of the head and face are both high in number and in detail, there were many errors in his depictions of the bones, and the boundaries between the structures of his muscle drawings were drawn so unclearly as to be indistinguishable. The essential forms, proportions and movement are included, but his disproportionate dedication to the head and the incoherent way that the book is arranged with no relevance to its table of contents leave something to be desired. It is regrettable that Lee Quede's return to North Korea meant that his drawings were not widely used, but despite this, I believe that these are invaluable documents in assessing the influence of Japanese artistic anatomy at the time, as well as the introductory circumstances of Korean artistic anatomy.
Anatomy, Artistic ; Arm ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Head ; Humans ; Korean War ; Leg ; Muscles ; Prisons ; Skeleton

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus*

No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Hematoma, Subdural, Acute* ; Trephining*

This study aimed to clarify the anatomy of middle rectal artery and pelvic vasculature patterns, and to provide schematic information in a manner applicable to the total mesorectal excision. Forty sides of pelvis from 20 formalinembalmed cadavers (10 male, 10 female) were dissected, and all the pelvic vasculatures from the internal iliac artery were investigated, focusing on the middle rectal artery. Middle rectal arteries were classified into major types depending on their vascular origins. Each type was subdivided into minor types according to variability of the pelvic vasculature. A middle rectal artery was identified in 18 out of 20 cadavers, and in 25 out of 40 pelvic sides. In most cases, the middle rectal artery originated from the internal pudendal artery or inferior gluteal artery. These two arteries arose directly from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery or were bifurcated from the gluteal-pudendal trunk. In rare cases, these arteries arose from the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. The other origins of the middle rectal artery included the gluteal pudendal trunk, inferior vesical artery, internal iliac artery, obturator artery, and the prostatic artery, and the pelvic vasculatures in these cases also presented variability. The detailed anatomical findings related to the middle rectal artery and pelvic vasculatures are noteworthy for their improved clinical applicability.

OBJECTIVE: Hemangiopericytoma is known as a malignant tumor originating from pericytes and rarely occurs in the central nervous system. We present 6 cases of pathologically confirmed meningeal hemangiopericytoma. METHODS: Retrospective study was done based on patient's recordings including radiological studies. Each case of tumors was treated surgically and postoperative radiotherapy was done. RESULTS: There were 5 cases of intracranial and 1 case of spinal hemangiopericytomas. Three of 5 intracranial hemangiopericytomas were located at tentorial region. Total tumor removal was done in 4 cases and postoperative local recurrence (or regrowth) was noted in 3 cases despite of postoperative external radiation therapy, 2 of which had died. CONCLUSION: Our cases show more frequent tentorial locations and poor clinical outcomes of hemangiopericytomas compared with meningiomas.
Central Nervous System ; Hemangiopericytoma* ; Meningioma ; Pericytes ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies

Infectious intracranial aneurysm, so-called mycotic aneurysm, has been rarely reported after era of antibiotics. Infective endocarditis is the most common cause. It is commonly occurs in patients with valvular heart disease. The authors report a case of infectious intracranial aneurysm in the distal branch of the right middle cerebral artery with embolic cerebral infarction in the contralateral middle cerebral artery territory. The patient underwent surgical excision of the aneurysm after six weeks of antibiotics therapy. The pathological findings demonstrated severe inflammatory change in the adventitial layer but intact intimal layer. The clinical features and the pathogenesis is discussed with review of pertinent literature.
Aneurysm* ; Aneurysm, Infected ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Endocarditis ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Middle Cerebral Artery

OBJECTIVE: Symptomatic disc degeneration develops from inflammatory reactions in the annulus fibrosus (AF). Although inflammatory mediators during annular inflammation have been studied, the roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the production of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) during annular inflammation using an in vitro co-culture system. We also examined the effect of notochordal cells on annular inflammation. METHODS: Human AF (hAF) pellet was co-cultured for 48 hours with phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated macrophage-like THP-1 cells. hAF pellet and conditioned media (CM) from co-cultured cells were assayed for MMPs, TIMPs, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyem-linked immunosorbent assay. To evaluate whether notochordal cells affected MMPs or TIMPs production on annular inflammation, hAF co-cultured with notochordal cells from adult New Zealand White rabbits, were assayed. RESULTS: MMP-1, -3, -9; and TIMP-1 levels were significantly increased in CM of hAF co-cultured with macrophage-like cells compared with hAF alone, whereas TIMP-2 and IGF-1 levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05). After macrophage exposure, hAF produced significantly more MMP-1 and -3 and less TIMP-1 and -2. Interleukin-1beta stimulation enhanced MMP-1 and -3 levels, and significantly diminished TIMP-2 levels. Co-culturing with rabbit notochordal cells did not significantly influence MMPs and TIMPs production or COL1A2 gene expression. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that macrophage-like cells evoke annular degeneration through the regulation of major degradative enzymes and their inhibitors, produced by hAF, suggesting that the selective regulation of these enzymes provides future targets for symptomatic disc degeneration therapy.
Adult ; Coculture Techniques ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Inflammation* ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Interleukin-1beta ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration* ; Macrophages ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Myristic Acid ; Notochord ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rabbits ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2

OBJECTIVE: Notochordal cells in the intervertebral disc interact with nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and support the maintenance of disc homeostasis by regulation of matrix production. However, the influence of notochordal cells has not been evaluated in the annulus fibrosus (AF), which is the primary pain generator in the disc. We hypothesized that the notochordal cell has the capacity to modulate inflammatory mediators secreted by AF cells secondary to stimulation. METHODS: Notochordal and AF cells were isolated from adult New Zealand white rabbits. AF pellets were cultured with notochordal cell clusters or in notochordal cell-conditioned media (NCCM) for 24 or 48 hours with proinflammatory cytokines at varying concentrations. Gene expression in AF pellets were assayed for nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, and interleukin (IL)-6 by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: AF pellet in NCCM significantly decreased the iNOS and COX-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels compared to AF pellets alone and AF pellets with notochordal cells (p < 0.05). AF pellet resulted in dose-dependent iNOS and COX-2 expression in response to IL-1beta, stimulation, demonstrating that 1 ng/ml for 24 hours yielded a maximal response. AF pellet in NCCM significantly decreased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in response to 1ng/ml IL-1beta, stimulation at 24 hours (p < 0.05). There was no difference in IL-6 expression compared to AF pellets alone or AF pellets with notochordal cell clusters. CONCLUSION: We conclude that soluble factors from notochordal cells mitigate the gene expression of inflammatory mediators in stimulated AF, as expected after annular injury, suggesting that notochordal cells could serve as a novel therapeutic approach in symptomatic disc development.
Adult ; Cytokines ; Gene Expression ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukins ; Intervertebral Disc ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Notochord ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Rabbits ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA

In 614 of 793 cases with subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH), four vessel cerebral angiography was performed to investigate the source of the hemorrhage. The first four vessel study revealed 501 cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms; during initial pan-angiography studies, 113 SAH patients did not show vascular lesions. Thirty two of 71 patients(45.1%) showed aneurysms on repeat angiography: fifteen of them had aneurysms in the anterior communicating artery. Among patients whose Hunt Hess grade on admission was poor(III-IV), the possibility of revealing aneurysm during repeated angiography was higher than in those whose grade was good(I-II)(p<0.05, Fisher exact test). On repeat angiography, the age, sex and CT grade of patients with aneurysm were indistinguishable from those of patients without: even in those who on initial angiography showed angiographic vasospasm, the chance of revealing an aneurysm was the same as in those without spasm. We concluded that repeated angiography, especially after 3 weeks of ictus, was valuable for the detection of an initially undefined aneurysm.
Aneurysm ; Angiography* ; Arteries ; Cerebral Angiography ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Spasm ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage*

Spinal hemangioma is the uncommon, slowly growing benign tumor that arises from the blood vessels and commonly located in thoracic spine. We have recently experienced a caseof capillary Hemangioma in intradural extramedullary space of thoracic spine level. The patient presented with a slowly progressive weakness of both lower extremities and hypesthesia below T6 dermatome. The plain X-ray films, thoracic spine myelography and CT scan disclosed an intradural mass at T5 level. The mass was surgically removed and conformed by histological examination.
Blood Vessels ; Capillaries* ; Hemangioma ; Hemangioma, Capillary* ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Lower Extremity ; Myelography ; Spine ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; X-Ray Film